X-Ray Intensity Fluctuation Spectroscopy Observations of Critical Dynamics in Fe3Al

Bräuer, S.; Stephenson, G. B.; Sutton, M.; Brüning, Ralf; Đufresne, Eric M.; Mochrie, S. G. J.; Grübel, G.; Als‐Nielsen, J.; Abernathy, D. L.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.74.2010

Cited by 174 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Known as X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy 16,17 (XPCS), a range of applications for this technique using FEL sources have recently been proposed 18 . Here, XPCS correlation functions comparing the diffraction pattern at t ¼ 0 with subsequent diffraction patterns (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrafast single-shot diffraction imaging of nanoscale dynamics

et al. 2008

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The transient nanoscale dynamics of materials on femtosecond to picosecond timescales is of great interest in the study of condensed phase dynamics such as crack formation, phase separation and nucleation, and rapid fluctuations in the liquid state or in biologically relevant environments. The ability to take images in a single shot is the key to studying non-repetitive behaviour mechanisms, a capability that is of great importance in many of these problems. Using coherent diffraction imaging with femtosecond X-ray free-electron-laser pulses we capture time-series snapshots of a solid as it evolves on the ultrafast timescale. Artificial structures imprinted on a Si 3 N 4 window are excited with an optical laser and undergo laser ablation, which is imaged with a spatial resolution of 50 nm and a temporal resolution of 10 ps. By using the shortest available free-electronlaser wavelengths 1 and proven synchronization methods 2 this technique could be extended to spatial resolutions of a few nanometres and temporal resolutions of a few tens of femtoseconds. This experiment opens the door to a new regime of time-resolved experiments in mesoscopic dynamics.To date, optical pulses have made it possible to resolve dynamics on the femtosecond timescale, but the spatial resolution of these studies has been limited to a few micrometres 3 . On the other hand, femtosecond X-ray pulses have been used to detect Å ngstrom-scale atomic motions in extended crystalline materials with long-range order through time-resolved diffraction experiments 4,5 . An entirely different methodology is needed to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of non-crystalline materials at nanometre length scales. Applications at these scales can be found in the study of fracture dynamics, shock formation, spallation, ablation, and plasma formation under extreme conditions. In the solid state it is desirable to directly image dynamic processes such as nucleation and phase growth, phase fluctuations and various forms of electronic or magnetic segregation.Electron microscopes can provide nanometre to atomic resolution, and have recently been demonstrated with ultrafast pulses 6 . However, they have limited penetrating power and struggle to obtain high-quality single-shot images due to space-charge issues 7 . Synchrotron beams from third-generation sources have comparatively long pulse lengths of 10-100 ps, as determined by the shortest electron bunch length possible in a given storage ring. Synchrotron sources can produce short-pulse ($100 fs) X-rays when operated as femtosecond slicing sources 8 , but produce comparatively weak X-ray beams of 1 Â 10 7 photons per second. Along with X-ray pulses from femtosecond laser plasma sources 9,10 and high-harmonic-generation sources 11 this limits their use to non-destructive phenomena where weak signals can be accumulated over many repeatable excitations of the sample.The intense femtosecond X-ray pulses from free-electron-laser (FEL) sources provide the penetrating power, spatial resolution and single-shot imaging c...

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Ultrafast single-shot diffraction imaging of nanoscale dynamics

et al. 2008

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“…Laterally coherent secondary source. Coherent X-ray scattering is a new spectroscopy for studying dynamical processes, which extends speckle spectroscopy with laser light from the mm length scale to the nm range (Brauer et al, 1995;Thurn-Albrecht et al, 1996;Mochrie et al, 1997). The spectroscopy needs a laterally coherent X-ray beam.…”

Section: Case 2: Very Small Aperture 2r 0 (Pinhole)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses in the hard X-ray range

et al. 1999

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The manufacture and properties of compound refractive lenses (CRLs) for hard X-rays with parabolic pro®le are described. These novel lenses can be used up to $60 keV. A typical focal length is 1 m. They have a geometrical aperture of 1 mm and are best adapted to undulator beams at synchrotron radiation sources. The transmission ranges from a few % in aluminium CRLs up to about 30% expected in beryllium CRLs. The gain (ratio of the intensity in the focal spot relative to the intensity behind a pinhole of equal size) is larger than 100 for aluminium and larger than 1000 for beryllium CRLs. Due to their parabolic pro®le they are free of spherical aberration and are genuine imaging devices. The theory for imaging an X-ray source and an object illuminated by it has been developed, including the effects of attenuation (photoabsorption and Compton scattering) and of the roughness at the lens surface. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment has been found. With aluminium CRLs a lateral resolution in imaging of 0.3 mm has been achieved and a resolution below 0.1 mm can be expected for beryllium CRLs. The main ®elds of application of the refractive X-ray lenses are (i) microanalysis with a beam in the micrometre range for diffraction,¯uorescence, absorption, scattering; (ii) imaging in absorption and phase contrast of opaque objects which cannot tolerate sample preparation; (iii) coherent X-ray scattering.

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“…Much progress along these lines has been accomplished by extracting the coherent fraction from field emission cathodes in electron microscopy [6,7]. The high brightness available at third generation synchrotron radiation sources has spawned efforts to use coherence in the soft and hard x-ray regimes [8][9][10]. High flux helium beams have been developed to study surface dynamical phenomena [11], and collimating these to achieve high coherence in one dimension has led to several pioneering experiments [12 -14].…”

Section: Speckle Patterns With Atomic and Molecular De Broglie Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%