X-Ray Holograms at Improved Resolution: A Study of Zymogen Granules

Abstract

Abstract-2 -It has long been known that x-ray holography offered the possibility of three-dimensional microscopy with resolution higher than the light microscope and with special forms of contrast based on x-ray edges. In principle, the

Progress in High-Resolution X-Ray Holographic Microscopy

“…6 nm x-raya, with a toriodal grating monochromator providing temporal coherence and a pinhole to provide spatial coherence. Our reaul ting coherent flux of typically 10 8 photons/ sec [7,9] was more than 100 times larger than that obtained at the NSLS bending 1 ·' magnet beamline U1S [10] . Besides greatly improving both .exposure time and quality, this dramatically inc;reased illumination greatly simplified the photometry (the coherent flux at X17t was sufficient to produce a photoyield of typically 10-10 Amps on an absolutely calibrated aluminum photodiode [11]) and alignment (the coherent x-ray spot was visible when viewed on a phosphor, even with room illumination) of the experiment.…”

“…1 of Ref. (7]) were negligible compared to the 60 p.m pinhole size. · Most of the holograms are of fixed and dried zymogen granules from rat pancreas acinar cells.…”

“…However, they also suffer from low sensitivity (a necessary conco111111itant of small "pixel" size), and making full use of their high resolution for holography has proven to be challenging. Recently, we [7] and others (8] have taken separate approaches to overcoming these challenges, and have obtained submicron resolution in reconstructed resist holograms.…”

“…The geometry used for the recording of the holograms has been described elsewhere [7]. \fe used the NSLS mini-undulator beamline X17t [9] as a source of 2.…”

Review of soft x-ray lasers and their applications

“…However, only with the advent of high brightness x-ray lasers and undulators together with the necessary x-ray optics did the promise begin to become a reality. In 1987 the first hologram with sub-micron resolution was achieved using an undulator at Brookhaven 56 and, almost simultaneously in a completely different experiment, a hologram using a flash subnanosecond exposure was produced from the 206A and 209A selenium soft x-ray laser. 57 As with soft x-ray microscopy, the clear advantage of nanosecond x-ray laser sources is in avoiding the problem of blurring of the image due to morion (possibly due to radiation damage) during the exposure.…”