“…The hXRF possesses many advantages, including easy of use, non-destructive testing, the portability (for fieldwork), fast results, large numbers of analysed spots, satisfactory accuracy, and precision [109], It therefore has a wide application foreground in material science, such as rocks, ores, metals, soil, ceramics, manufactured glass, geoarchaeology, art, and paintings [110][111][112][113][114], A recent study [115] has shown promising results regarding in situ versus laboratory characterization of historical structures in marine environments using hXRF. hXRF-based methods have been used for the in situ characterization of concrete pavements [116] , concrete from nuclear material processing, and liquid waste systems [117], hXRF readings can also be used to estimate the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil [118], Fig.…”