X-ray fluorescence as a method of monitoring metal catalyst content during the purification of carbon nanotubes

Cavness, B.; Heimbecker, Joshua; Velasquez, Joe; Williams, Scott

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.10.013

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It was reported to be a valuable technique for the determination of a relative change in the impurity content during the purification of SWCNTs. 94 A decrease in the Ni content was monitored via a comparison of the absorption intensities at the Ni K-alpha X-ray line for SWCNTs subjected to purification in heated nitric acid. No obvious structural defects were created during irradiation.…”

Section: Overview Of Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic impurities in single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene: a review

Vejpravová

Pacáková

Kalbáč

2016

Analyst

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Control over magnetism in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene is of fundamental importance. Creation and manipulation using the unpaired spins without the need for archetypal magnetic elements results in sp(2)-hybridised nanocarbons being at the forefront of applications in both spintronics and nanoelectronics. The crucial limitation for the experimental observation of the intrinsic carbon magnetism stems from the presence of magnetic impurities, from which a magnetic response usually dominates. Thus, the rigorous identification of such magnetic impurities and their efficient removal is of enormous importance. The present review reports on the current state-of-the-art methodology for the detection and quantification of magnetic impurities in SWCNTs and graphene, reflecting both the preparation and subsequent purification procedures. First, the most common techniques for the preparation of SWCNTs (i.e., arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition) and the corresponding magnetic impurities are reviewed. Then, the available volume, surface and local probes for the identification and quantification of the impurities are discussed, and their efficiency and limitations are evaluated for the given cases. A summary of the current understanding of graphene-related magnetism in the context of the identified impurities is also given. Finally, the key knowledge is reviewed with respect to future prospects in the field.

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Section: Overview Of Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic impurities in single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene: a review

Vejpravová

Pacáková

Kalbáč

2016

Analyst

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“…Among these materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is one of the most widely explored carbon based nanomaterial due to their amazing structure and surprising physicochemical properties [1]. Since its discovery by Iijima in 1991 [2], CNTs have attracted extensive attention from researchers because of their extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties which make them viable candidates for a wide variety of potential applications in chemical [3], physical [4], electronics [5], medical [6], aeronautical [7], automotive [8] fields, and so on [9][10][11]. Some of these properties are: the Young modulus is around 1 TPa and its maximum tensile strength can reach 300 GPa, excellent electronic properties, exceptional thermal conductivity [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube functionalized with dodecylamine for the effective dispersion in solvents

Ferreira

Francisco

Menezes

et al. 2015

Applied Surface Science

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“…A lot of methods have been already proposed to examine structure, physical properties and chemical composition of MWCNTs including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), [7][8][9] Raman spectroscopy, 7,8 transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 7 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX), 3 transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (TEM/EDX), 10 X-ray photoelectron scattering, 3 Xray uorescence 11 or neutron activation analysis (NAA). 12,13 Although these methods are commonly used, they have certain limitations e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TGAthe most popular method for determination the metal content in CNTs does not provide the information about the type of elements but only about the content of non-combustible and/or non-volatile part of sample. 10,11 Other microscope methods like TEM, SEM, etc. are only surface sensitive and are insufficiently sensitive for determination of trace metal residues, particularly if the metal is encapsulated in core of individual CNTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%