X-ray diffractometry examination of air filters for compounds emitted by lead smelting operations

Foster, R. L.; Lott, Peter F.

doi:10.1021/es60170a009

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Currently, there is considerable interest in the various compounds that feature in aerosol exposure during the production and use of metals and in Our results of smelter lead dust speciation analysis for both the bulk dust samples and airborne dust samples confirmed that the lead dust mineralogy varies widely throughout the smelter, consisting of remnant sulfides and multimetal oxide phases. These findings are consistent with other studies that have reported galena as the major constituent in samples associated with ore handling, whereas lead oxide species (PBOX, PbO.PbSO4) were the dominant species associated with smelter operations (9). Changes to the ore during the smelting process result in changes to the mineralogy of the airborne dust, which are reflected in the Tessier sequential extraction method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Chemical Speciation of Lead Dust Associated with Primary Lead Smelting

Spear¹,

Svee²,

Stanisich³

1998

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The research presented in this artide assessed geochemical factors relating to dust pr d during primary lead smelting. Bulk dust samples and size-selective airborne dust samples were collected from four ar of a pimary lead smelter and analyz by X-ray diaction and sequential .chemical exrtion. X-ray di on showed that the smelter dusts were composed primarily of sulfides, oxides, sulfates, and silicates of meta ores, with galena being the primary dust component. Sequenti extraction revealed the solubility of lead compounds at less than 7% in the exchangeable and mildly acidic steps for the bull dusts collected from four smelter areas. The later steps of the extraction procedure were more effective in dissolving the lead compounds asociated with the bulk dust samples, witi 43%, 26%, and 8% ofthe total lead, in the ore storage, sinter, and blast/dross smelter areas, respectively, being extracted in the residual step.Sequential extraction of coarse airborne dust samples from the ore storage and sinter plant showed that 1.2% and 4.1% of the total lead, respecivey, was e ble. The finer partide size fractions from these areas ofthe smelter showed higher percentags ofexchanable lead. Of the course airborne dust from the blast/dross furnace processes, 65% of the total lead was exchangeable. However, the largest percentage of lead from these areas was associated with the finer particle-size fractions. If lead bioavailability is related to its solubility as determined though sequential e on, the health hazards associated with lead exposure may be appreciably enhanced in the blat and dross fuace processes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Chemical Speciation of Lead Dust Associated with Primary Lead Smelting

Spear¹,

Svee²,

Stanisich³

1998

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…1,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Its apparent absence may be due to a number of factors, such as the sampling location, sinter chemistry and conditions, reaction kinetics, or possibly retention in the sinter. The presence of Clbearing phases in the Pb smelting literature is relatively uncommon, with only Pb 2 OCl 2 being reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Fugitive Material within a Primary Lead Smelter

Ohmsen

2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The primary production of Pb via the sinter plant-blast furnace method resulted in a large number of Pb and other phases, reflecting the complex reactions occurring within each of the processes. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques have been used to characterize fugitive emissions and dusts generated during sintering, smelting, Cu drossing, refining, and slag fuming at a primary Pb-Zn smelter. The results displayed a complex array of phases, with the mineralogy of the dusts and fume reflecting conditions of the particular metallurgical operation. The principal Pb species followed a transformation from PbS through PbSO 4 and PbO to Pbº (metal) from raw materials to the refinery. The fugitive emissions generated by the blast furnace were of a finer size with more complex chemistry than fugitive material from other source areas. XRD identified a mixture of PbS, ZnO, and ZnS, associated with one or more of the Cl-bearing phases

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“…The main Pb species emitted from Pb smelters are: PbS0 4 and PbO.PbS0 4 (Pacyna et al, 1991;O'Neill et al, 1982;Eatough et al, 1979;Corrin and Natusch, 1979;Harrison and Williams, 1983;Foster and Lott, 1980). These compounds are thought to form in the stack from lead fume, S0 2 and hot air (Biggins and Harrison, 1979).…”

Section: Chemical Formmentioning

confidence: 99%