X-ray diffraction study of phase composition and amorphization in magnetron-sputter-deposited thin films of stainless steel-titanium

Exchange bias in ordered antiferromagnets by rapid thermal anneal without magnetic field

“…The above results on bilayers and TJ clearly demonstrate that exchange bias can be induced in ordered AF, deposited in magnetic fields followed by rapid thermal annealing without an externally applied magnetic field. After deposition the AF is in a non-equilibrium, paramagnetic fcc phase owing to a quenching effect which takes place during the sputter process [9,10]. The chemically ordered, AF, equilibrium state is the fct phase usually obtained after long-term annealing [11].…”

NiMn/FeNi exchange biasing systems–magnetic and structural characteristics after short annealing close to the phase transition point of the AFM layer

“…On the other hand, the presence of the nonequilibrium high-temperature FCC phase in the as-deposited NiMn films can be explained by the known quenching effect of high-temperature phases taking place in the sputtering growth process [12,13]. This effect is related to a ''freezing'' and local stabilization of high-temperature crystalline phases at room temperature (RT) in the as-deposited film state.…”

Evidence for two ferromagnetic iron sites in Fe–Cr–Ni thin films prepared by thermal evaporation

“…As far as site 2 is concerned, the hmf value of 30.3 T is on the one hand greater than the H 2 = 27.5 T of the as-deposited state, and on the other hand nearly equal to that determined for the annealed state. It corresponds to the average hmf in bulk Fe 88 Cr 12 . It also appears that all Cr atoms are not located in site 2 so, as in Section 3.2, part of them is removed from the Fe environment.…”

“…In alloy films of SS deposited by magnetron sputtering and containing additions of titanium (0.5 -15.5 wt.%), Grudeva et al [12] showed the formation of various crystalline and amorphous phases depending on both the Ti concentration and substrate temperature. In the present study, we investigated the role of low titanium contents on the CEM spectrum of the as-deposited state.…”