X-ray diffraction studies ofAcacia andEucalyptus wood chars

Dynamic Molecular Structure of Plant Biomass-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar)

“…This is approximately the same temperature region where X-ray diffraction data (14)(15)(16) show a transition from low-density disordered C to the formation of turbostratic crystallites.…”

X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions

“…Slit-shaped micropores in several ACs, has been suggested to exist between disk-like crystallites composed of stacking aromatic layers [16][17][18]. The crystallites are considered to be small, as mentioned above, that the microporosity of AC must be influenced strongly by its micro-structure, especially the status of stacking structure of aromatic layers [15].…”

“…The latter formula was also used to calculate the average crystallite width, La, from the peak centered around 45°, which corresponds to the (100/101) set of planes [19]. Many research papers have been published on the graphitization study of various carbonaceous materials, using the XRD technique, supplemented by other methods [13][14][15][20][21][22][23][24].…”

“…The aromatic layers often pile up in 2-3 up to 8-10 to form stacks, and the disorganized carbon are present in aliphatic chain periphery of aromatic layers and cross-linkage structures [15], denoted by "turbostratic structure". In other words, aromatic layers and disorganized carbons form crystallite and non-crystallite components, respectively, to form microstructure in the solid part of activated carbons.…”

“…The apparent Lc and La obtained from the widths of (002) and (100/101) profiles and d 002 , are the most frequently used parameters for describing structural ordering [15]. The peak centered around 25°, corresponding to the (002) set of planes, was used to measure the pseudographitic interlayer spacing, d 002 , and to calculate the average crystallite height, Lc, by means of the Debye-Scherrer formula.…”