X-ray diffraction for explosives detection

Greenberg, Joel A.; Carpenter, Joshua H.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64104-5.00003-5

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…As the problem of fast and confident explosive detection represents one of the most fundamental aspects of passenger security, until present, a multitude of non-invasive techniques were proposed that were mainly based on the differential attenuation or diffraction of nuclear radiation. It is the case of X-ray single [ 1 , 2 ], dual [ 3 , 4 ], phase contrast [ 5 ], multiple-energy [ 6 , 7 ], diffraction [ 8 ], or even neutron computed tomography (CT) [ 9 ]. In addition to these techniques, Raman [ 10 ] or nuclear quadrupole resonance [ 11 ] spectroscopy as well as infrared photothermal imaging [ 12 ] gave remarkable results in this field, just to mention some alternative methods not involving the use of X-rays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Energy and Fast-Convergence Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm for Organic Material Identification Using X-ray Computed Tomography

et al. 2023

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In order to significantly reduce the computing time while, at the same time, keeping the accuracy and precision when determining the local values of the density and effective atomic number necessary for identifying various organic material, including explosives and narcotics, a specialized multi-stage procedure based on a multi-energy computed tomography investigation within the 20–160 keV domain was elaborated. It consisted of a compensation for beam hardening and other non-linear effects that affect the energy dependency of the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) in the chosen energy domain, followed by a 3D fast reconstruction algorithm capable of reconstructing the local LAC values for 64 energy values from 19.8 to 158.4 keV, and, finally, the creation of a set of algorithms permitting the simultaneous determination of the density and effective atomic number of the investigated materials. This enabled determining both the density and effective atomic number of complex objects in approximately 24 s, with an accuracy and precision of less than 3%, which is a significantly better performance with respect to the reported literature values.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Energy and Fast-Convergence Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm for Organic Material Identification Using X-ray Computed Tomography

et al. 2023

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“…X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for probing molecular structures within heterogeneous objects can be greatly beneficial to fields including explosives detection systems, 1–3 food quality and safety, 4 combinatorial screening, 5 bone quality, 6–8 and cancer diagnostics. 9 The versatility of X-rays as a non-destructive ‘molecular’ probe stems from their relatively short wavelength of the order of 10 −10 m. 10 Probing photons can interact with the sample's molecular structure to produce coherently scattered (signal) photons, which can escape from the sample without energy loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%