X-Ray Attenuation in Silicon and Germanium in the Energy Range 25 to 50 keV

Abstract

Neuroeconomics has the potential to fundamentally change the way economics is done. This article identifies the ways in which this will occur, pitfalls of this approach, and areas where progress has already been made. The value of neuroeconomics studies for social policy lies in the quality, replicability, and relevance of the research produced. While most economists will not contribute to the neuroeconomics literature, we contend that most economists should be reading these studies.

X-ray attenuation coefficients of carbon in the energy range 5 to 20 keV

“…Rayleigh-scattering cross sections and bound-electron Compton-scattering cross sections have been interpolated from the tabulation by Hubbell & Overbo (1979) and Hubbell et al (1975), respectively. Thermal-diffuse-scattering (TDS) cross sections have been calculated in the same way as in the previous work on silicon and copper (Gerward & Thuesen, 1977;Gerward, 1981Gerward, , 1982 using a single Debye temperature of 420 K (Flubacher, Leadbetter & Morrison, 1960). This is a rough approximation for graphite because of the anisotropic thermal vibrations, as pointed out by Ludsteck (1971).…”

“…The experimental arrangement has been described in detail in previous work on silicon (Gerward & Thuesen, 1977;Gerward, 1981). Slit-collimated X-rays were monochromatized by a perfect silicon crystal using the symmetric 220 or 440 reflection.…”

X-ray linear absorption coefficients for silicon and germanium in the energy range 5 to 50 keV

“…Proceeding from hydrogen-like eigenfunctions, Wagenfeld (1966), on the other hand, arrived at simple formulae, allowing fast calculations not only of normal but also of anomalous absorption cross sections important for the absorption of wave fields (Borrmann effect). Such calculations have been reported by Hildebrandt, Stephenson & Wagenfeld (1973, 1975a, Hildebrandt & Stephenson (1975), Stephenson (1976) and most recently by Gerward & Thuesen (1977) who also considered in detail contributions from thermal diffuse and Compton scattering.…”

“…The same paper presents the most extensive collection of measured and calculated anomalous absorption data; some supplements appeared later (1975b). Stephenson (1975) considered elements Z = 6 to 54, Persson & Efimov (1970) concentrated their measurements on the surroundings of the Ge-K absorption edge, and Gerward & Thuesen (1977) finally expanded the measurements and comparisons with theory to the whole energy range from 5 to 50 keV. For other experimental values see Table 2.…”

Determination of internal strain tensors by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction: Results for Si using the 006 forbidden reflection

“…We find that Joo6exp(-M) =4-99. For the linear attenuation coefficient values have been taken from the measurements by Gerward & Thuesen (1977). For the compliance coefficient we have used the value S.~.~ = 12.56 lam e N- (Keyes, 1962).…”