X-pinch x-ray sources driven by a 1μs capacitor discharge

Appartaim, Richard; Maakuu, Bulmuo

doi:10.1063/1.2953800

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Early Х-pinch experiments with the use of current sources on the basis of capacitor batteries [52,64] were not successful because of the too low current rise rate. However, the development of low-inductance capacitors and commutators made it possible to create compact simple-design current sources efficiently used for Х-pinch experiments.…”

Section: Current Generators Used For х-Pinch Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-pinch. Part I

2015

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Results of experimental studies of the Х-pinch since its invention and implementation in 1982 at the Lebedev Physical Institute are presented. The concept of the Х-pinch arose in the course of innovative experiments on studying the generation of hot dense plasma in nanosecond Z-pinches. The main idea was to localize the region occupied by the plasma and stabilize the moment of its formation. This was achieved by using a load in the form of crossed wires. The resulting plasma object turned out to be so interesting that a new scientific direction appeared in plasma physics. At present, studies in this direction are being performed in many laboratories worldwide. The term Х-pinch became conventional, and sections devoted to its study are always present at plasma conferences. Х-pinch is not only a very interesting scientific object, but also a unique source of X-ray emission with extreme parameters. The use of Х-pinches for point-projection X-ray radiography of high-energy-density objects provided many new experimental results. In some cases, the concepts of the processes occurring in matter upon fast energy deposition changed dramatically. The review consists of two parts. The first part briefly outlines the history of creation and studies of Х-pinches, describes the diagnostic techniques and devices developed during these studies, and presents the main results obtained in studying the physical processes occurring in the Х-pinch. The second part is devoted to the results of detailed studies of the Х-pinch hot spot-the region where the highest plasma parameters are achieved and which is a source of X-ray emission with extreme parameters. Some results of Х-pinch simulations are also presented.

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Section: Current Generators Used For х-Pinch Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-pinch. Part I

2015

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“…In addition to directly backlighting wire arrays [578] the X-pinch has been used by Bott et al [579] to diagnose the low density foam on the axis of a wire array. Appartaim and Maakuu [580] have shown that successful X-pinches can also be produced with a more conventional long pulse (∼1 µs quarter period) capacitor bank. With the right choice of wire material and x-ray filter, highly localized bright spots suitable for point-projection radiography can be produced.…”

Section: X-pinchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the denseZ-pinch

Haines

2011

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

388

184

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The Z-pinch, perhaps the oldest subject in plasma physics, has achieved a remarkable renaissance in recent years, following a few decades of neglect due to its basically unstable MHD character. Using wire arrays, a significant transition at high wire number led to a great improvement in both compression and uniformity of the Z-pinch. Resulting from this the Z-accelerator at Sandia at 20 MA in 100 ns has produced a powerful, short pulse, soft x-ray source >230 TW for 4.5 ns) at a high efficiency of ∼15%. This has applications to inertial confinement fusion. Several hohlraum designs have been tested. The vacuum hohlraum has demonstrated the control of symmetry of irradiation on a capsule, while the dynamic hohlraum at a higher radiation temperature of 230 eV has compressed a capsule from 2 mm to 0.8 mm diameter with a neutron yield >3 × 10 11 thermal DD neutrons, a record for any capsule implosion. World record ion temperatures of >200 keV have recently been measured in a stainless-steel plasma designed for Kα emission at stagnation, due, it was predicted, to ion-viscous heating associated with the dissipation of fast-growing short wavelength nonlinear MHD instabilities. Direct fusion experiments using deuterium gas-puffs have yielded 3.9×10 13 neutrons with only 5% asymmetry, suggesting for the first time a mainly thermal source. The physics of wire-array implosions is a dominant theme. It is concerned with the transformation of wires to liquid-vapour expanding cores; then the generation of a surrounding plasma corona which carries most of the current, with inward flowing low magnetic Reynolds number jets correlated with axial instabilities on each wire; later an almost constant velocity, snowplough-like implosion occurs during which gaps appear in the cores, leading to stagnation on the axis, and the production of the main soft-x-ray pulse. These studies have been pursued also with smaller facilities in other laboratories around the world. At Imperial College, conical and radial wire arrays have led to highly collimated tungsten plasma jets with a Mach number of >20, allowing laboratory astrophysics experiments to be undertaken. These highlights will be underpinned in this review with the basic physics of Z-pinches including stability, kinetic effects, and finally its applications.

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“…When the current flows through the diode, a hot dense plasma intensely generating soft X ray (SXR) emission forms in the crossing region of the load. Standard X pinches have been studied in detail and were shown to operate quite well at currents from 100 to 500 kA [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid X-pinches

et al. 2012

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Results from experimental studies of a hybrid X pinch with an initial configuration in the form of a high current diode with conical tungsten electrodes spaced by 1-2 mm and connected to one another with 20 to 100 μm diameter wires are presented. The experiments were carried out at four facilities with a current amplitude from 200 to 1000 kA and front duration from 45 to 200 ns. It is shown that, in spite of their simpler configuration, hybrid X pinches with a short rise time of the current pulse (50-100 ns) are highly competitive with standard X pinches in the generated soft X ray power and the formation of a single hot spot in them is much more stable, while hard X ray emission is almost absent. The possibility of using hybrid X pinches as soft X ray sources for point projection X ray imaging of plasma objects is considered.

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X-pinch x-ray sources driven by a 1μs capacitor discharge

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

X-pinch. Part I

X-pinch. Part I

A review of the denseZ-pinch

Hybrid X-pinches

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