X inactivation Xplained

Wutz, Anton; Gribnau, Joost

doi:10.1016/j.gde.2007.08.001

Cited by 136 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The twin nuclear-localized ncRNAs Xist and Tsix have been studied for a number of years now as critical regulators of X chromosome inactivation (Plath et al, 2002;Wutz and Gribnau, 2007). Xist and Tsix, both of which are mRNA-like and tens of kilobases long, are transcribed from the Xic (X-inactivation center) in antisense orientation and act antagonistically to specify which X chromosome undergoes inactivation.…”

Section: Xist and Tsixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, a number of exceptions to the canonical mechanism of action of Xist detailed above have been recently documented. In certain circumstances, an inactive X-chromosome can be maintained without modifications and Xist can be selectively associated with the X-chromosome without it becoming inactivated or modified (Wutz and Gribnau, 2007). Whether this is the mechanism of action for retinal Xist awaits further investigation.…”

Section: Xist and Tsixmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New meaning in the message: Noncoding RNAs and their role in retinal development

Rapicavoli

Blackshaw

2009

Developmental Dynamics

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Recent studies have indicated that non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) may play prominent and diverse roles in the development of the nervous system. These ncRNAs are now known to perform a broad range of cellular functions, and in particular appear to be prominent players in the regulation of transcription and translation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of ncRNAs in vertebrate retinal development. Noncoding RNAs that are known or suspected to play a functional role in the specification and maturation of retinal cell subtypes include miRNAs, long noncoding opposite-strand transcripts (OSTs), and other long ncRNAs such as Tug1 and RNCR2. Though the mechanism of action of most of these ncRNAs is still largely unclear, it is likely that these molecules represent a major, and thus far largely unappreciated, component of the molecular machinery involved in retinal cell fate specification.

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Section: Xist and Tsixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Xist and Tsixmentioning

confidence: 99%

New meaning in the message: Noncoding RNAs and their role in retinal development

Rapicavoli

Blackshaw

2009

Developmental Dynamics

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“…Thanks to advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing, it has been found that a very 38 large portion of the human genome is transcribed, much more than the 1-3 % that encodes 39 antisense transcripts (NATs), which originate from the DNA strand opposite the protein-58 coding strand, (iv) pseudogenes, defined as ancestral copies of coding genes created by 59 Xist, the best characterized lncRNA, involved in X chromosome inactivation in females 73 (Brockdorff et al 1991;Wutz and Gribnau 2007). In humans in particular, X inactivation 74 involves a set of lncRNA that includes Xist and its antisense transcript Tsix as well as the 75 more recently identified X-active transcript or Xact (Vallot et al 2013).…”

Section: Introduction 37mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the function of long non-coding RNA in the development of bovine early embryos

Caballero

Gilbert

Fournier

et al. 2015

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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Now recognised as part of the cellular transcriptome, the function of long non-coding (lnc) RNA remains unclear. Previously, we found that some lncRNA molecules in bovine embryos are highly responsive to culture conditions. In view of a recent demonstration that lncRNA may play a role in regulating important functions, such as maintenance of pluripotency, modification of epigenetic marks and activation of transcription, we sought evidence of its involvement in embryogenesis. Among the numerous catalogued lncRNA molecules found in oocytes and early embryos of cattle, three candidates chosen for further characterisation were found unexpectedly in the cytoplasmic compartment rather than in the nucleus. Transcriptomic survey of subcellular fractions found these candidates also associated with polyribosomes and one of them spanning transzonal projections between cumulus cells and the oocyte. Knocking down this transcript in matured oocytes increased developmental rates, leading to larger blastocysts. Transcriptome and methylome analyses of these blastocysts showed concordant data for a subset of four genes, including at least one known to be important for blastocyst survival. Functional characterisation of the roles played by lncRNA in supporting early development remains elusive. Our results suggest that some lncRNAs play a role in translation control of target mRNA. This would be important for managing the maternal reserves within which is embedded the embryonic program, especially before embryonic genome activation.

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“…However, indirect effects because of general chromatin changes in the absence of Polycomb repressive complex 2 cannot be ruled out. The current data suggest that a number of processes might act upstream of Xist to ensure faithful control of X inactivation (for review, see Wutz and Gribnau, 2007). Some of these processes might be emphasized in certain mammals and lost in others.…”

Section: Inactivation In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Mechanistic concepts in X inactivation underlying dosage compensation in mammals

Leeb

Wutz

2010

Heredity

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Mammals inactivate one of the two female X chromosomes to compensate for the unequal copy number of X-linked genes between males and females. This process of X inactivation entails the silencing of one X chromosome in a developmentally regulated manner. In this work, we review recent findings in X inactivation and discuss how these advance the mechanistic understanding. Recent results provide an insight how the cell counts and chooses the appropriate number of X chromosomes to inactivate, how chromosome-wide gene repression is coordinated and how a stable inactive X chromosome is established. Key components of this complex regulatory system have now been identified and provide entry points for understanding epigenetic regulation in mammals. A majority of the data has been obtained from studying mice. It is presently not clear how general these findings can be applied to other mammalian species. We try to assess this aspect from data, which has become available.

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X inactivation Xplained

Cited by 136 publications

References 54 publications

New meaning in the message: Noncoding RNAs and their role in retinal development

New meaning in the message: Noncoding RNAs and their role in retinal development

Exploring the function of long non-coding RNA in the development of bovine early embryos

Mechanistic concepts in X inactivation underlying dosage compensation in mammals

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