X- and Y-Cells in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Owl Monkey (
            <i>Aotus trivirgatus</i>
            )

Sherman, S. Murray; Wilson, Marcus D.; Kaas, J.H.; Webb, Sarah V.

doi:10.1126/science.816006

Cited by 185 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…form), while Y and W types would analyze movement [56,57]. Although most of this work has been carried out in the cat, a similar dichotomy is thought to exist in the monkey [58,59]. In contrast to the cat, it seems that in the monkey, the X and Y systems are morphologically segregated at the LGd level, the magnocellular layers constituting the Y system, and the parvocellular layers, the X system [59].…”

Section: Genieulo-cortical Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 96%

Corollary discharge: Its possible implications in visual and oculomotor interactions

1979

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Abstract--Data concerning the possible role of a corollary discharge mechanism in the regulation of visual-oculomotor interactions are reviewed. Several modes of action for such a mechanism on the processing of visual information are discussed. Mere suppression of visual input during saccades is considered mostly as a peripheral mechanism. It is proposed that corollary discharge could either produce an active cancellation of the effects of eye movements on vision, or contribute to the evaluation that a given visual change is provoked by a saccade. Cancellation could occur at subcortical levels of visual processing although evaluation could occur at the cortical level.

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Section: Genieulo-cortical Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 96%

Corollary discharge: Its possible implications in visual and oculomotor interactions

1979

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“…Both techniques yielded satisfactory results. However, the latter provided direct identification of thalamic afferents and in addition enabled us to distinquish parvoand magnocellular afferents from one another on the basis of receptive field organization (Wiesel and Hubel, 1966;Sherman et al, 1976;Dreher et al, 1977;Schiller and Malpeli, 1978;Lee et al, 1979). These studies have been reported briefly (Blasdel et al, 1981;Blasdel and Lund, 1982a, b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our criteria for classifying and distinguishing parvocellular responses from those of the magnocellular laminae are those of Wiesel and Hubel (1966) several more recent observations (Sherman et al, 1976; with the aid of a Leitz Dialux microscope linked to an Dreher et al, 1977;Lennie and Derrington, 1981;Shapley LSI-11 computer, color video monitor, and graphics diget al, 1981;Marrocco et al, 1982). On the basis of these itizer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One additional piece of evidence that we the histological specimen and followed movements of the used in making a magno/parvo distinction rests on the stage. By knowing which slide was being drawn and by observation (Sherman et al, 1976;G. G. Blasdel, D. reading coordinates from the stage position transducers, Fitzpatrick, and J. S. Lund, manuscript in preparation) the computer was able to tabulate points of interest (such that magnocellular LGN cells have substantially larger as boutons, axon branches and trunks, laminar boundreceptive field centers than parvocellular ones.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Termination of afferent axons in macaque striate cortex

Blasdel¹,

Lund²

1983

J. Neurosci.

407

280

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We used horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to orthogradely label afferent axons in macaque striate cortex. Of the 38 axons that we recovered, nine were recorded intracelhrlarly before being filled with HRP. Light microscope and computer reconstructions of filled processes reveal highly stereotyped patterns of arborization and suggest that there are at least five discrete populations of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) afferent axon: (1) those to layer 4Cp, which have extremely circumscribed, dense terminal fields (small branches of which occasionally intrude into 4Ca) but which have not been shown to project to other laminae; (2) afferents to layer 4A, which in some cases send fine ascending collaterals into layer 2-3 and which do not, apparently, send collaterals to other laminae; (3) afferents to layer 1, which are fine, extend over large distances horizontally, and send collaterals to layer 6A; (4) afferents to the lower two-thirds of layer 4Ca, which have few or no collaterals in layer 6; and (5) afferents to the upper half of layer 4Ca, which have arborizing collaterals in layer 6B. Of the nine axons that were recorded intracellularly, those with projections to layer 4Cp (two axons) and to layer 1 (one axon) had color-selective properties, whereas those (six axons) which arborized in 4Ca all had transient, broad band and highly contrast-sensitive receptive fields. These properties are consistent with derivations from somata in the parvocellular and magnocellular divisions of the LGN, respectively. Afferents to 4Ca were found to cover approximately 6 times as much surface area as afferents to 4Cp. The preterminal trunks of all axons were found to follow tortuous paths through the neuropil-paths that may derive from axon segregation during development. The wide ranging, patchy distributions of single afferents in 4C~u suggest that individual 4& axons supply more than one ocular dominance stripe. In one case where the terminal arborization of a 4Ca axon was mapped against the transneuronally determined pattern of ocular dominance, three separate patches of terminal boutons were indeed found to coincide with the bands of one eye.The primate visual system is characterized by successive and discrete transformations in the neural representation of visual space. One such transformation occurs between the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and cells in the thalamo-recipient laminae of striate cortex. Even though the receptive fields of cells in layer 4C-the layer that receives most of the LGN input-lack orientation selectivity and to some extent resemble those of the LGN, the transfer of information seems not to occur in

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“…The feedforward, dual-channel architecture explains masking as a function of time between target and mask onsets and/or offsets. Both offsets and onsets activate the faster transient channel, which inhibits the slower sustained channel carrying information about stimulus identity (the transient/sustained maps onto the magnocellular/parvocellular distinction; Sherman, Wilson, Kaas, & Webb, 1976). In metacontrast masking, the sustained activity representing the target is inhibited by the rapid mask-induced transient when the mask onsets 50-100 ms after the target.…”

Section: Theories Of Osmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

et al. 2013

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Object substitution masking (OSM) occurs when a sparse (e.g., four-dot), temporally trailing mask obscures the visibility of a briefly presented target. Here, we review theories of OSM: those that propose that OSM reflects the interplay between feedforward and feedback/reentrant neural processes, those that predict that feedforward processing alone gives rise to the phenomenon, and theories that focus on cognitive explanations, such as object updating. We discuss how each of these theories accommodates key findings from the OSM literature. In addition, we examine the relationship between OSM and other visual-cognitive phenomena, including object correspondence through occlusion, change blindness, metacontrast masking, backward masking, and visual short-term memory. Finally, we examine the level of processing at which OSM impairs target perception. Collectively, OSM appears to reflect the conditions under which the brain confuses two visual events for one when they are encoded with low spatiotemporal resolution, due to processing resources being otherwise occupied.Keywords Object substitution masking . Attention . Reentrant processing . Consciousness When observing a visual scene, at any point in time, we are conscious of only a small fraction of the available information. Given this limitation, it is important to understand the mechanisms that determine what stimuli we become conscious of, when we become conscious of them, and the nature of processing that occurs in the absence of explicit awareness. There exists a long and rich history in experimental psychology of using visual masking to explore such issues. Visual masking refers to conditions where the visibility of one to-be-reported visual stimulus (the target) is obscured by the presentation of another stimulus (the mask) that appears in close spatiotemporal proximity and does not require report. Object substitution masking (OSM) is a recent discovery in the field of visual masking and is an ideal tool for exploring questions about visual awareness because it selectively impairs the extent to which an individual becomes conscious of a visual stimulus without the extent of image-level degradation that other forms of visual masking induce. This review, therefore, focuses on the determinants and consequences of visual awareness in OSM.Here, we integrate a diverse range of literature to discern what OSM can tell us about perceptual consciousness and visual cognition in general. Specifically, we discuss the role of feedforward versus feedback processing in giving rise to OSM, whether the phenomenon is better characterized as reflecting object updating or object substitution, the similarities and differences between OSM and other forms of masking, and OSM's relationship to other visual-cognitive phenomena. In addition, we review evidence regarding the role of attention in masking. Our aim is to address controversies in the OSM literature in depth and offer insights into how some of them may already be resolved and how the field might go about resolving ...

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X- and Y-Cells in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Owl Monkey ( Aotus trivirgatus )

Abstract: The owl monkey, as do other mammals, has X-and Y-cells in its lateral geniculate nucleus. X-cells are found in the parvocellular laminae; Y-cells, in the magnocellular laminae.

Cited by 185 publications

References 12 publications

Corollary discharge: Its possible implications in visual and oculomotor interactions

Corollary discharge: Its possible implications in visual and oculomotor interactions

Termination of afferent axons in macaque striate cortex

Substituting objects from consciousness: A review of object substitution masking

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