WTO - World Economic Order, World Trade Law

Stoll, Peter-Tobias; Schorkopf, Frank

doi:10.1163/ej.9789004144965.i-292

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…To restore the global economic order, the 44 members of the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 (under the lead of the USA) established a new order of international financial relations and global credit system: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). 186 Furthermore, as the main ambition of this conference was to rebuild and restructure the world in the aftermath of war and to prevent the world economy from the repetition of the economic crisis, 187 the system of fixed exchange rates and currency convertibility was invented. 188 After the foundation of the United Nations in 1945, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) was intended to restore global trade by joint policy accordingly.…”

Section: ) Bretton Woods Conference 1944 and Havana-charter 1947mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…188 After the foundation of the United Nations in 1945, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) was intended to restore global trade by joint policy accordingly. 189 Therefore, in 1947 the ECOSOC set up the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment. Its outcome was the UN resolution called Havana-Charter founding an International Trade Organization (ITO).…”

Section: ) Bretton Woods Conference 1944 and Havana-charter 1947mentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Cooperation in Competition Law Matters

Godt¹

2022

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Die nachfolgende Arbeit ist der Juristischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Wintersemester 2021/2022 als Dissertation vorgelegt worden. Meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Peter-Tobias Stoll möchte ich für die äußerst hilfreiche Förderung und das stetige Interesse an diesem Projekt, und vor allem für die herausragende Betreuung sehr herzlich danken. Ebenso möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Hartmut Weyer für die zügige Erstellung des Zweitgutachtens bedanken. Während der Erstellung dieser Arbeit ist mir von zahlreichen Menschen wertvolle Hilfe zuteil geworden. All diesen bin ich zu Dank verpflichtet. Besonders möchte ich mich bei PD Dr. Till-Patrick Holterhus, MLE., LL.M. (Yale) für die vielen Denkanstöße und die stetige Unterstützung bedanken. Aber auch Gerry H. Kahn aus New Haven (USA), Agata Daszko, LL.M. (Leiden) und Dr. Sophie Nordhues sollen an dieser Stelle nicht unerwähnt bleiben.Nicht zuletzt wäre das Projekt ohne die tatkräftigte Unterstützung meiner Eltern, Dr. med. Rüdiger und Thekla Godt, nicht möglich gewesen.

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Section: ) Bretton Woods Conference 1944 and Havana-charter 1947mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Bretton Woods Conference 1944 and Havana-charter 1947mentioning

confidence: 99%

International Cooperation in Competition Law Matters

Godt¹

2022

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“…First, they reduce transaction costs and, as such, are beneficial to international trade. 114 Second, cooperation at the international level reduces the risk of lobbying for specific national advantages so that the rent-seeking behaviour of such groups can be limited. 115 As there are no 'international climate neutrality standards', these provisions are not entirely relevant for a proposal like PCRs.…”

Section: Reference To International Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To ban or not to ban carbon‐intensive materials: A legal and administrative assessment of product carbon requirements

Gerres¹,

Haußner²,

Neuhoff³

et al. 2021

Rev Euro Comp Intl Enviro

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By setting near‐zero‐emission requirements for the production of certain products to be sold on the European single market (product carbon requirements, PCRs), the European Union could accelerate the phase‐out of carbon‐intensive production processes. The announcement of such requirements would send a signal to producers, financing institutions and other relevant stakeholders, thus incentivizing them to prepare for the shift to a carbon‐neutral society. This article analyses several European environmental standards and technical regulations to offer insights into the political, legal and technical background for the adoption of PCRs. It shows that PCRs would constitute a new development in technical regulations. Given the relevance of World Trade Organization law for the adoption of standards and technical regulations on products, the article analyses in further detail the compatibility of PCRs under WTO law, and argues that PCRs can be designed in line with the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

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“…2.1 with respect to the national treatment and most-favoured nation treatment and from Art. 2.2 TBT concerning the prohibition of unnecessary trade restrictions [ 17 ]. Accordingly, the legal examination of the extended authorisation requirement focuses mainly on the legal criteria set out in Art.…”

Section: Applicable Law and Scope Of The Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

SVHC in imported articles: REACH authorisation requirement justified under WTO rules

Schenten¹,

Führ²

2016

Environ Sci Eur

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The purpose of the REACH Regulation is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment as well as the free circulation of substances on the internal market while enhancing competitiveness and innovation. To this end, REACH introduces, among other instruments, the authorisation regime for substances of very high concern (SVHC) that are listed on Annex XIV of the regulation. After expiration of the transitional period for each Annex XIV-SVHC, articles, such as most products of daily use, produced in the European Economic Area (EEA) may not contain such substances unless an authorisation was granted for the specific use or this use falls within the scope of an exemption from the authorisation requirement. The authorisation scheme does, however, only apply to SVHC used in the EEA. As a consequence, REACH does not regulate SVHC entering the European market as part of imported articles which burden human health and the environment. Moreover, from an economic perspective, domestic articles are subject to stricter requirements than those which are produced abroad, putting actors from within the EEA at competitive disadvantage and thus impeding the intention of REACH to enhance competitiveness and innovation. One option to close this regulatory gap could be to extend the authorisation requirement to SVHC present in imported articles. A legal appraisal on behalf of the German Environment Agency (UBA) assesses whether such option would be in accordance with the specifications of WTO world trade law. It concludes that, measured by the standards of the WTO dispute settlement practice, such an extended authorisation scheme would neither violate the principles of national treatment and most-favoured nation treatment. Also, such regulation would not constitute an unnecessary obstacle to trade, since the extended authorisation requirement would pursue a legitimate objective covered by the regulatory autonomy of the EU and, furthermore, the regulation would not be more trade-restrictive than necessary. The contribution at hand summarises the main findings while taking into account first reactions to the legal appraisal.

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WTO - World Economic Order, World Trade Law

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

International Cooperation in Competition Law Matters

International Cooperation in Competition Law Matters

To ban or not to ban carbon‐intensive materials: A legal and administrative assessment of product carbon requirements

SVHC in imported articles: REACH authorisation requirement justified under WTO rules

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