WSSV–host interaction: Host response and immune evasion

Li, Chaozheng; Weng, Shaoping; He, Jianguo

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.043

Cited by 125 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…The shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei is a worldwide aquaculture species that was first introduced to China in the 1980s, and its production has increased rapidly in the 21 st century. However, various shrimp diseases are responsible for huge losses, especially the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) (Flegel, 2012;Li et al, 2019b). To date, there is no effective method to prevent WSSV infection in shrimp, but selective breeding of WSSV-resistant species should be an effective way to solve this problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In shrimp, innate immunity plays a key role in the defense against a wide variety of invading microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Several signaling pathways are essential components of innate immunity, including the Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT pathways (Li et al, 2019a;Li et al, 2019b). In recent studies, the shrimp IRF-Vago-JAK/STAT pathway, which is similar to the IRF-IFN-JAK/STAT pathway in vertebrates, has been functionally identified to play a significant role in defense against viruses including WSSV (Li et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Polymorphic (CT)n-SSR Influences the Activity of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF Gene Implicated in Viral Resistance

et al. 2019

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Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) of short nucleotide motifs occur very frequently in the 5′ untranslated coding region (5′-UTR) of genes and have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression. In this study, we identified an SSR with a variable number of CT repeats in the 5′-UTR of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF (LvIRF) gene that has been shown to mediate antiviral responses by inducing the expression of Vago, a functional homolog of mammalian IFN. We then explored the effects of varying the number of (CT)n repeats on the expression of LvIRF using both dual-luciferase reporter assays and Western blots. Our results demonstrate that the length of the (CT)n-SSR in this gene can influence the expressional level of LvIRF, in that a shorter (CT)n repeat had a stronger ability to induce the expression of LvIRF. Moreover, we found that the (CT)n repeat in LvIRF was associated with viral resistance in shrimp. Individual shrimps with shorter (CT)n repeats in the 5′-UTR of LvIRF exhibited high tolerance to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and this trait was inherited in offspring. Taken together, these results indicated that this (CT)n-SSR could be used as a molecular marker for shrimp breeding for WSSV resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Polymorphic (CT)n-SSR Influences the Activity of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF Gene Implicated in Viral Resistance

et al. 2019

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“…The WSSV agent is 111-152 nm in diameter, 375-404 nm in length, and is a rod-shaped, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of 293 kbps. WSSV is classified into the family Nimaviridae and Genus whisporirus (Li et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemotaxis Assay for Marsupenaeus japonicas Hemocytes and Application for the Development of an Oral Immunostimulant Against White Spot Syndrome Virus

Imai

Takahashi

2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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The chemotactic activity of vertebrate leukocytes is an important host-defense mechanism. However, chemotaxis of invertebrate immune cells, particularly those of shrimp species, is incompletely understood and critically understudied. In this study, we aimed to optimize the conditions for a Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay using hemocytes (granulocytes) from cultured kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicas (Mj) and the optimal conditions were: 5 µm-pore-size Polyvinylpyrrolidone membrane; culture buffer at pH 7.0; and chemotactic factor N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine (fMLP) 10 −8 mol/L; 4 h incubation time. We then applied the chemotaxis assay to develop an oral immunostimulant against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which results in high mortality rates in several shrimp species worldwide. We focused on the kelp Laminaria japonica, as this species contains immunostimulative molecules such as β-glucan. We prepared Heat Extracts (HE) and Crude Laminarans (CL) from kelp using hot water and hydrochloric acid extraction methods, respectively. HE and CL ware mixed with normal shrimp feed. Kelp extracts were orally administered for 7 days, and hematocyte chemotaxis toward fMLP was compared. No difference was detected between control and kelp extracts on day 3, but HE stimulated chemotaxis 2-fold and CL stimulated chemotaxis 3-fold relative to control on day 7 after initiating administration. Kelp extract administration protected against WSSV exposure. Finally, we identified that Kelp extracts stimulated hematocyte superoxide production on days 3 and 7, and increased hematocyte phagocytosis and phenol oxidase activity on day 7 after administration. We concluded that the chemotaxis assay is informative in assessment of shrimp hemocyte immunological activity, and is applicable to the development of immunostimulants against shrimp infectious diseases.

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“…The shrimp species Litopenaeus vannamei has become one of the most important cultured species in the world. With high-density tolerance and a rapid growth rate, L. vannamei production accounts for 75% of the world's shrimp production each year (12). Recently, several kinds of shrimp diseases have threatened shrimp aquaculture, especially the white spot syndrome (WSS) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both shrimp disease prevention and genetic improvement are based on theoretical support from the study of immune genes. In shrimp, the IRF-Vago and NF-κB pathways have been demonstrated to be crucial for antiviral immunity (12), but the mechanism underlying their signal transduction in WSSV infection is still poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TNF-Receptor-Associated Factor 3 in Litopenaeus vannamei Restricts White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection Through the IRF-Vago Antiviral Pathway

Wang

et al. 2020

Front. Immunol.

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Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are vital signaling adaptor proteins for the innate immune response and are involved in many important pathways, such as the NF-κB-and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-activated signaling pathways. In this study, the TRAF3 ortholog from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (LvTRAF3) was cloned and characterized. LvTRAF3 has a transcript of 3,865 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,002 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 333 amino acids, including a conserved TRAF-C domain. The expression of LvTRAF3 in the intestine and hemocyte was up-regulated in response to poly (I:C) challenge and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. RNAi knockdown of LvTRAF3 in vivo significantly increased WSSV gene transcription, viral loads, and mortality in WSSV-infected shrimp. Next, we found that LvTRAF3 was not able to induce the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which was crucial for synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which mediate antiviral immunity. Specifically, in dual-luciferase reporter assays, LvTRAF3 could not activate several types of promoters with NF-κB binding sites, including those from WSSV genes (wsv069, wsv056, and wsv403), Drosophila AMPs or shrimp AMPs. Accordingly, the mRNA levels of shrimp AMPs did not significantly change when TRAF3 was knocked down during WSSV infection. Instead, we found that LvTRAF3 signaled through the IRF-Vago antiviral cascade. LvTRAF3 functioned upstream of LvIRF to regulate the expression of LvVago4 and LvVago5 during WSSV infection in vivo. Taken together, these data provide experimental evidence of the participation of LvTRAF3 in the host defense to WSSV through the activation of the IRF-Vago pathway but not the NF-κB pathway.

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WSSV–host interaction: Host response and immune evasion

Cited by 125 publications

References 166 publications

A Polymorphic (CT)n-SSR Influences the Activity of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF Gene Implicated in Viral Resistance

A Polymorphic (CT)n-SSR Influences the Activity of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF Gene Implicated in Viral Resistance

Chemotaxis Assay for Marsupenaeus japonicas Hemocytes and Application for the Development of an Oral Immunostimulant Against White Spot Syndrome Virus

TNF-Receptor-Associated Factor 3 in Litopenaeus vannamei Restricts White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection Through the IRF-Vago Antiviral Pathway

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