Writing with Your Eye: A Dwell Time Free Writing System Adapted to the Nature of Human Eye Gaze

Bee, Nikolaus; André, Elisabeth

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69369-7_13

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Some of the possible approaches include the use of eye gestures for writing individual letters [Isokoski 2000;Sarcar et al 2013;Chakraborty et al 2014;Bee and André 2008;Wobbrock et al 2008], eye typing via context switching [Morimoto and Amir 2010], and visual navigation of nested boxes of letters [Ward et al 2000;Rough et al 2014]. Although these works demonstrate the possibility of dwell-free eye typing, the user must learn a new way to write a letter rather than simply looking at where the intended keys would be found on a QWERTY keyboard layout.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discussed adaptations of different schemes-Morse code, MDITIM, Quikwriting, and Cirrin-for decoding target hit sequences into text, but did not validate the technique with controlled experiments. Quikwriting, which was originally created for pen-based computers, was also evaluated as a potential eye typing method in the work by Bee and André [2008]. In a controlled experiment with three participants, Quikwriting supported a typing rate of 5.0WPM, which was slower than the 7.8WPM rate achieved with their implementation of a dwell-based keyboard that used a dwell duration of 750ms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Filteryedping: Design Challenges and User Performance of Dwell-Free Eye Typing

Pedrosa

Pimentel

Wright³

et al. 2015

ACM Trans. Access. Comput.

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The ability to use the movements of the eyes to write is extremely important for individuals with a severe motor disability. With eye typing, a virtual keyboard is shown on the screen and the user enters text by gazing at the intended keys one at a time. With dwell-based eye typing, a key is selected by continuously gazing at it for a specific amount of time. However, this approach has two possible drawbacks: unwanted selections and slow typing rates. In this study, we propose a dwell-free eye typing technique that filters out unintentionally selected letters from the sequence of letters looked at by the user. It ranks possible words based on their length and frequency of use and suggests them to the user. We evaluated Filteryedping with a series of experiments. First, we recruited participants without disabilities to compare it with another potential dwell-free technique and with a dwell-based eye typing interface. The results indicate it is a fast technique that allows an average of 15.95 words per minute after 100min of typing. Then, we improved the technique through iterative design and evaluation with individuals who have severe motor disabilities. This phase helped to identify and create parameters that allow the technique to be adapted to different users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filteryedping: Design Challenges and User Performance of Dwell-Free Eye Typing

Pedrosa

Pimentel

Wright³

et al. 2015

ACM Trans. Access. Comput.

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“…Huckauf and Urbina [19], Bee and André [4], Wobbrock et al [64] suggested the use of gaze gestures to enter individual characters. A specific sequence of eye movements is required for each character.…”

Section: A Publications 87mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bee and André [4] adapted the stylus-based interface of Quikwriting, introduced by Perlin [44], for gaze input. The central area of the interface, called resting area shows groups of up to five characters.…”

Section: Quikwritingmentioning

confidence: 99%

EyeSwipe: text entry using gaze paths

Kurauchi¹

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AcknowledgmentsCountless people contributed directly or indirectly to this thesis. First and foremost I thank God, creator and sustainer of life. To him be the glory. People with severe motor disabilities may communicate using their eye movements aided by a virtual keyboard and an eye tracker. Text entry by gaze may also benefit users immersed in virtual or augmented realities, when they do not have access to a physical keyboard or touchscreen. Thus, both users with and without disabilities may take advantage of the ability to enter text by gaze.However, methods for text entry by gaze are typically slow and uncomfortable. In this thesis we propose EyeSwipe as a step further towards fast and comfortable text entry by gaze.EyeSwipe maps gaze paths into words, similarly to how finger traces are used on swipe-based methods for touchscreen devices. A gaze path differs from the finger trace in that it does not have clear start and end positions. To segment the gaze path from the user's continuous gaze data stream, EyeSwipe requires the user to explicitly indicate its beginning and end. The user can quickly glance at the vicinity of the other characters that compose the word. Candidate words are sorted based on the gaze path and presented to the user.We discuss two versions of EyeSwipe. EyeSwipe 1 uses a deterministic gaze gesture called Reverse Crossing to select both the first and last letters of the word. Considering the lessons learned during the development and test of EyeSwipe 1 we proposed EyeSwipe 2. The user emits commands to the interface by switching the focus between regions.In a text entry experiment comparing EyeSwipe 2 to EyeSwipe 1, 11 participants achieved an average text entry rate of 12.58 words per minute (wpm) with EyeSwipe 1 and 14.59 wpm with EyeSwipe 2 after using each method for 75 minutes. The maximum entry rates achieved with EyeSwipe 1 and EyeSwipe 2 were, respectively, 21.27 wpm and 32.96 wpm. Participants considered EyeSwipe 2 to be more comfortable and faster, while less accurate than EyeSwipe 1. Additionally, with EyeSwipe 2 we proposed the use of gaze path data to dynamically adjust the gaze estimation.Using data from the experiment we show that gaze paths can be used to dynamically improve gaze estimation during the interaction. Discutimos duas versões do EyeSwipe. O EyeSwipe 1 usa um gesto do olhar determinístico chamado Cruzamento Reverso para selecionar tanto a primeira quanto a última letra da palavra.

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“…Some of the possible approaches include the use of eye-gestures for writing individual letters [Bee and André, 2008;Chakraborty et al, 2014;Isokoski and Raisamo, 2000;Sarcar et al, 2013;Wobbrock et al, 2008], context switching eye-typing [Morimoto and Amir, 2010], and visually navigating nested boxes of letters [Rough et al, 2014;Ward et al, 2000]. Although these works demonstrate the possibility of dwell-free eye-typing, the user must learn a new way to write a letter rather than simply looking at where the intended keys would be found on a QWERTY keyboard layout.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data input and content exploration in scenarios with restrictions

Pedrosa¹

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Writing with Your Eye: A Dwell Time Free Writing System Adapted to the Nature of Human Eye Gaze

Cited by 57 publications

References 12 publications

Filteryedping: Design Challenges and User Performance of Dwell-Free Eye Typing

Filteryedping: Design Challenges and User Performance of Dwell-Free Eye Typing

EyeSwipe: text entry using gaze paths

Data input and content exploration in scenarios with restrictions

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