2012
DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00205
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Writing's Shadow: Corticospinal Activation during Letter Observation

Abstract: We can recognize handwritten letters despite the variability among writers. One possible strategy is exploiting the motor memory of orthography. By using TMS, we clarified the excitatory and inhibitory neural circuits of the motor corticospinal pathway that might be activated during the observation of handwritten letters. During experiments, participants looked at the handwritten or printed single letter that appeared in a random order. The excitability of the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) was evalu… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Nonetheless, neural populations involved in biological motion perception might also play a role, since handwritten letters are traces of biological motion and biological motion analyses are carried out at similar latencies (between 260 and 360 ms) in the right posterior region (Jokisch et al, 2005;Krakowski et al, 2011). The timing of this effect nicely fits recent data by Nakatsuka et al (2012) who used single pulse TMS to show that at 300-400 ms after visual stimulus onset, the cortico-spinal excitability decreased more when participants viewed handwritten than printed letters.…”
Section: Motor Familiarity Effects On Erpssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…Nonetheless, neural populations involved in biological motion perception might also play a role, since handwritten letters are traces of biological motion and biological motion analyses are carried out at similar latencies (between 260 and 360 ms) in the right posterior region (Jokisch et al, 2005;Krakowski et al, 2011). The timing of this effect nicely fits recent data by Nakatsuka et al (2012) who used single pulse TMS to show that at 300-400 ms after visual stimulus onset, the cortico-spinal excitability decreased more when participants viewed handwritten than printed letters.…”
Section: Motor Familiarity Effects On Erpssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…Therefore, only single-pulse stimulation, which allows us to minimize artifacts on electric muscle responses, was applied. If the handwritten character used here was able to elicit the motor representations of writing gestures as we assumed, this type of character but not the printed one should induce changes in MEPs in digit muscles as previously reported in the literature [Nakatsuka et al, 2012].…”
Section: Additional Experimentssupporting
confidence: 64%
“…Second, our ROI analysis showed that the left precentral gyrus was only recruited above baseline for the actively learned cursive letters, and not for the passively learned or unlearned cursive letters. The left precentral gyrus has been associated with letter perception in several studies and is thought to activate stored motor programs associated with letter production (Longcamp et al, 2005a, 2006b, 2011; James and Gauthier, 2006; Nakatsuka et al, 2012). This idea is supported by the James and Atwood (2009) results, which found that, in adults, motor experience (writing) with pseudoletters led to recruitment of this region, but when the pseudoletters were learned with only visual practice, the precentral gyrus was not recruited any more so than before learning took place.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…More recent studies also found recruitment of motor regions during perception of cursive letters. One study using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), found that recognition of handwritten cursive letters involved the motor cortex, as evidenced by reduced corticospinal excitability for the right hand (Nakatsuka et al, 2012). Another study found that Exner's area in the left dorsal premotor cortex was sensitive to whether dynamic cursive letters were presented forward or backward (Nakamura et al, 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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