Writing, painting and sketching at Dunhuang: assessing the materiality and function of early Tibetan manuscripts and ritual items

Schaik, Sam van; Helman-Ważny, Agnieszka; Nöller, Renate

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.09.018

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Such a craft has never been revealed before and it stimulates further study on the sizing procedure and impermeability of these new ingredients and recipes. The possibility for the detected milk casein coming from contaminations during storage or usage was less possible since that would cause discrepancy in the 14 C radiocarbon dating with the paleography analysis which has not been observed in this study.…”

Section: A New Perspective On the Way Starch Sizing Agent Preparedmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Paper support represents one of the most important features of ancient unknown manuscripts, and potentially it can characterize their geographical region of origin. As reported above, microscopic investigations of Tibetan manuscripts found in several places in East and Central Asia have assigned different plant species in this aim by the analysis of paper fibers [1,13,14]. Among them, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), hemp (Cannabis sp.…”

Section: Py-gc/ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…1, modern Gansu Province, China). These manuscripts stored now in different museums have been, for some of them, the subject of investigations under the angle of textual, palaeographical or codicological studies combined to paper analysis using microscopy and spectroscopy [1,14]. On the basis of these experimental results, the paper type was aligned to its geographical origin with the threefold classification of origin around Central Asia, central Tibet or eastern Tibet [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods such as microscopic fiber analysis [1], FTIR [16], XRF [14,15,17], immunological techniques [18] have been applied for Tibetan fragments scientific examinations. Recently, the capacity of a chromatographic based method for the material study of East Asian handmade papers has been explored [19,20] as well as a method of higher selectivity (comprehensive gas chromatography GCxGC) with a more quick and reliable identification procedure [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paper fragments from the Tibetan Samye Monastery: Clues for an unusual sizing recipe implying wheat starch and milk in early Tibetan papermaking

Han

Niang

Rao

et al. 2021

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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Section: A New Perspective On the Way Starch Sizing Agent Preparedmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Py-gc/ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Paper fragments from the Tibetan Samye Monastery: Clues for an unusual sizing recipe implying wheat starch and milk in early Tibetan papermaking

Han

Niang

Rao

et al. 2021

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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“…Artistically, Nelumbo nucifera has emerged as a powerful symbol across cultures (van Schaik et al 2015 ). Its depiction in art and literature, spanning centuries, encapsulates themes of purity and enlightenment.…”

Section: Charting the Future Of Lotusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): a multidisciplinary review of its cultural, ecological, and nutraceutical significance

Yang,

He,

Feng

et al. 2024

Bioresour. Bioprocess.

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This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifarious aspects of Nelumbo nucifera, elucidating its ecological, nutritional, medicinal, and biomimetic significance. Renowned both culturally and scientifically, Nelumbo nucifera manifests remarkable adaptability, characterized by its extensive distribution across varied climatic regions, underpinned by its robust rhizome system and prolific reproductive strategies. Ecologically, this species plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, primarily through biofiltration, thereby enhancing habitat biodiversity. The rhizomes and seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are nutritionally significant, being rich sources of dietary fiber, essential vitamins, and minerals, and have found extensive culinary applications. From a medicinal perspective, diverse constituents of Nelumbo nucifera exhibit therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Recent advancements in preservation technology and culinary innovation have further underscored its role in the food industry, highlighting its nutritional versatility. In biomimetics, the unique "lotus effect" is leveraged for the development of self-cleaning materials. Additionally, the transformation of Nelumbo nucifera into biochar is being explored for its potential in sustainable environmental practices. This review emphasizes the critical need for targeted conservation strategies to protect Nelumbo nucifera against the threats posed by climate change and habitat loss, advocating for its sustainable utilization as a species of significant value. Graphical Abstract

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Material properties and durability of 19th–20th century Tibetan manuscripts

Luo,

Cigić,

Wei

et al. 2023

Cellulose

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Most currently available research into Tibetan paper focuses on the earliest books from an archaeological perspective. On the other hand, scientific studies of the 19th−20th century Tibetan paper are largely missing, specifically with respect to material properties and paper permanence. To explore these, both conventional and modified methods were applied using reference historic material collection. Material properties such as fibre morphology, paper pH, degree of polymerisation (DP), water and ash contents were investigated. The measurement methods for starch and protein content were explored—and we report on a quantification method for the determination of starch content in paper. The degradation behaviour of Tibetan paper was studied using accelerated degradation experiments at two sets of conditions (80 ˚C, 65% RH and 60 ˚C, 80% RH) for up to 84 days in order to explore the applicability of existing dose-response functions. The results demonstrate that examined 19th−20th century papers used in Tibetan books, were prepared using diverse fibres, similar to traditional Chinese paper. Most of paper sheets presented laminated structures, where starch was used as the predominant glue. The layers within one paper sheet are identical, as evidenced by similar pH and DP values among layers in one sheet. The studied collection of papers tends to have similar properties to modern Chinese paper since most of both types of papers present pH 6.5–8 and DP 1000–2000. The accelerated degradation experiment shows that papers used as writing support in Tibetan books follows the same principle of degradation as western paper has demonstrated, i.e., the rate constants of degradation depend on paper pH, temperature, and relative humidity of the environment. This research expands our understanding of this collection and inform preventive conservation of modern Tibetan manuscripts.

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Writing, painting and sketching at Dunhuang: assessing the materiality and function of early Tibetan manuscripts and ritual items

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

Paper fragments from the Tibetan Samye Monastery: Clues for an unusual sizing recipe implying wheat starch and milk in early Tibetan papermaking

Paper fragments from the Tibetan Samye Monastery: Clues for an unusual sizing recipe implying wheat starch and milk in early Tibetan papermaking

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): a multidisciplinary review of its cultural, ecological, and nutraceutical significance

Material properties and durability of 19th–20th century Tibetan manuscripts

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