Abstract:In this study, we investigated toroidal shell wrinkling in free hydroforming. We specifically focused on toroidal shells with a regular hexagonal cross-section. Membrane theory was used to examine the distribution of stress and yield load in both preform and toroidal shells. The wrinkling moment was then predicted using an empirical formula of shell buckling. In addition, the wrinkling state was investigated using a general statics method, and the free hydroforming of toroidal shells was simulated using the Ri… Show more
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