“…Since we conjecture that both topological defect- and disclination-mediated extrusion mechanisms are closely linked with stress localization, we characterize the in-plane and out-of-plane stresses associated with the simulated monolayer. We compute a coarse-grained stress field [44, 45], where represents the center of the coarse-grained volume, corresponding to coarse-graining length and unit vector Fig. 3(c) shows the evolution of local isotropic stress, σ iso = (1/3) tr σ , and an out-of-plane component of the shear stress, σ xz , aver-aged over an extruding cell i and its nearest-neighbors, nn .…”