WRF 1960–2014 Winter Season Simulations of Particulate Matter in the Sahel: Implications for Air Quality and Respiratory Health

Jenkins, G. S.; Gueye, M.

doi:10.1002/2018gh000132

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…AOD measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network site (Holben et al, 1998) are located at Mbour, Senegal (14°N, 16°W). We use the WRF model version 3.4 using the GOCART aerosol module to simulate dust PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations during 2015 and 2016 for a 1°× 1°area focused on Dakar, Senegal, with a configuration similar to previous studies (Jenkins & Diokhane, 2017;Jenkins & Gueye, 2018). PM 10 and PM 2.5 measurements are collected by the Centre de Gestion de la Qualité de l'Air, from the Direction de l'Environnement et des Etablissements Classés (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development) by Centre de Gestion de la Qualité de l'Air for the period of 2013-2016.…”

Section: Atmospheric Data and Wrf Simulations Of Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are missing PM 2.5 data during the period and consequently, we do not compute monthly averages if there are less than 20 days of data. We use the WRF model version 3.4 using the GOCART aerosol module to simulate dust PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations during 2015 and 2016 for a 1°× 1°area focused on Dakar, Senegal, with a configuration similar to previous studies (Jenkins & Diokhane, 2017;Jenkins & Gueye, 2018). The WRF model has a horizontal grid spacing of 18 km and 27 vertical levels and is driven at lateral boundaries by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final analysis for the 2-year period every 6 h, and aerosols are transported into Senegal from the Sahara Desert during winter months.…”

Section: Atmospheric Data and Wrf Simulations Of Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recovery of Sahelian rainfall over the last few decades have been associated with less frequent rain events but more intense rainfall events along with warmer daytime and nighttime temperatures (Mouhamed et al, 2013). There have been far fewer studies on long-term trends or anomalies in winter season dust concentrations, but there is evidence that dust concentrations were higher during the 1980s based on visibility, satellite, proxy data, and modeling studies (Evan et al, 2016;Jenkins & Gueye, 2018;Mbourou et al, 1997;Silue et al, 2013). Dust modeling studies using the WRF model simulate more transport from the Sahara leading higher dust concentrations across the Sahel during 1988-2003, but lower dust concentrations between 2003and 2014(Jenkins & Gueye, 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observed and Modeled Seasonal Air Quality and Respiratory Health in Senegal During 2015 and 2016

et al. 2019

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In this work, we use existing particulate matter (PM) data from Dakar, Senegal, satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to evaluate the role of dust transport from the Sahara and PM concentrations and exposure into other administrative districts of Senegal during 2015 and 2016. We also use data from the Ministry of Health to examine spatial and temporal patterns of acute respiratory infections, asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis across Senegal with an emphasis on Northern Hemisphere winter December-February, when air quality is poor, and June-August when there is an improvement in air quality. Measurements in Dakar, Senegal, suggest hazardous PM 10 concentrations associated with Saharan dust storms but lower PM 10 concentrations during the summer. The WRF dust simulations show a similar temporal pattern to the observations in Dakar, Senegal, with notable biases. However, the WRF model suggests that the highest dust concentrations are found across the northern half of Senegal during the winter season where there are no currently PM measurements. Health data during 2015-2016 show the highest prevalence of asthma and bronchitis in Dakar, Senegal, suggesting that other sources of air pollution are important. Acute respiratory infection is prevalent throughout the country with the high prevalence found in rural zones, for children between 12 and 59 months. All measures including real-time monitoring, air quality forecast, and communication should be used to protect the public from potentially hazardous environmental conditions during the winter season. Plain Language SummaryAir pollution is a leading cause of respiratory and cardiovascular disease and may be responsible for a significant fraction of infant mortality in West Africa. We examine observations and simulations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model during 2015 and 2016 in Dakar, Senegal, and the entire country. We also examine monthly and trimester patterns of asthma, bronchitis, acute respiratory infection, and tuberculosis cases across Senegal. Observations from Senegal show that monthly PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations are unhealthy from December through March but improve during the summer months. Saharan dust aerosols, which are transported into Senegal are responsible for the poor air quality through attribution studies using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We also find the largest numbers of cases of asthma and bronchitis in Dakar, suggesting that urban sources contribute to poor air quality. However, these cases occur during the summer season when air quality is improved. Acute respiratory infection is a public concern in Senegal with the highest values occurring away from the capital city.

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Section: Atmospheric Data and Wrf Simulations Of Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atmospheric Data and Wrf Simulations Of Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observed and Modeled Seasonal Air Quality and Respiratory Health in Senegal During 2015 and 2016

et al. 2019

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“…The Yonsei University (YSU) planetary boundary layer scheme [32] , the Noah land-surface model [33] , the revised Mesoscale Model (MM5) scheme [34] , the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for Global models (RRTMG) for shortwave [35] and RRTM for longwave radiation [36] , the Grell cumulus parametrization [37] and WRF Single-Moment 5-class (WSM5) microphysics schemes [38] are used by the configuration (Table 1). The aerosol feedback which provides a reduction in downward solar radiation from aerosol scattering is taken into account [39] . The Parameterized (PM) and the CPM models used the same configuration except that cumulus (CU) parametrization is not activated in the CPM model.…”

Section: Model Description and Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and Transport of a Saharan Dust Plume in Early Summer

Senghor

Dieng

Gueye

et al. 2023

j. of atmos. sci. res.

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This research studies the capability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Chemistry/Aerosol module (WRF-Chem) with and without parametrization to reproduce a dust storm, which was held on 27th June 2018 over Sahara region. The authors use satellite observations and ground-based measurements to evaluate the WRF-Chem simulations. The sensitivities of WRF-Chem Model are tested on the replication of haboob features with a tuned GOCART aerosol module. Comparisons of simulations with satellite and ground-based observations show that WRF-Chem is able to reproduce the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) distribution and associated changes of haboob in the meteorological fields with temperature drops of about 9 °C and wind gust 20 m·s–1. The WRF-Chem Convection-permitting model (CPM) shows strong 10-meter winds induced a large dust emission along the leading edge of a convective cold pool (LECCP). The CPM indicates heavy dust transported over the West African coast (16°W-10°W; 6°N-21°N) which has a potential for long-distance travel on 27th June between 1100 UTC and 1500 UTC. The daily precipitation is improved in the CPM with a spatial distribution similar to the GPM-IMERG precipitation and maximum rainfall located at the right place. As well as raising a large amount of dust, the haboob caused considerable damage along its route.

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“…For 12 December 2013, there is some evidence of desert trajectories that pass across Mauritania (Figure 3b). Back trajectories for 3 March 2015 show potential sources of dust coming from Southern Algeria, which is a major source of dust in Senegal (Jenkins & Gueye, 2018). Unfortunately, there was not enough material for 25 January 2016 when the origins of dust arriving at Dakar is from Sahara desert locations (Figure 3e).…”

Section: Possible Sahara Origin Of Collected Dust Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Bacteria on Aerosols From Dust Events in Dakar, Senegal, West Africa

et al. 2020

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We identify bacteria types on collected dust samples in Dakar Senegal, a region that experiences frequent Saharan dust events. We use classical techniques to identify bacteria types from dust samples. Seventy-seven bacteria types are identified from samples collected by spatula and the QuickTake® 30 air sampling pump. The dominant groups in the first batch of 51 bacteria (collected via deposition) are Micrococcus (33.33%), Bacillus (13.73%), Kytococcus (11.76%), Pseudomonas (9.80%), and Burkholderia (7.84%) and dominants in the second batch of 26 bacteria (collected with aerosol sampling vacuum pump): Pseudomonas (38.61%), Burkholderia (26.92%), Micrococcus (11.54%), and Brucella spp (7.69%). These bacteria are found in earlier studies from desert sources and can potentially cause respiratory diseases to exposed populations. Future work will use molecular methods is necessary to search for additional pathogens, including viruses on dust aerosols.Plain Language Summary Bacteria on the surfaces of Saharan dust samples collected from 2013-2016 were analyzed using traditional techniques at Dakar, Senegal. The samples were collected using a spatula and the QuickTake® 30 air sampling pump. The analysis finds some bacteria that are linked to respiratory disease, including Micrococcus, Burkholderia, and Pseudomonas. We believe that the spatula technique may include bacteria such as Bacillus from soils, which was not present in airborne samples. Additional analysis using genomic techniques will assist in better identifying bacteria and potential pathogens, which can impacts West African populations and are transported downstream over long distances to the Caribbean, Southeastern United States, South America, and Europe. During the dry season, PM 10 surface dust concentrations can reach hazardous levels with Marticornea et al. (2010) and Diokhane et al. (2016), showing frequent daily surface PM 10 concentrations exceeding 500 μg m −3 , which is 10 times the World Health Organization (2006) recommended daily levels of 50 μg m −3 . During the summer season, Toure et al. (2019) show that PM 10 monthly concentrations at Dakar, Senegal fall below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria of unhealthy levels (250 μg m −3 ), and monthly values are approximately 50 μg m −3 during August and September. The reduction in summer PM 10 and PM 2.5

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WRF 1960–2014 Winter Season Simulations of Particulate Matter in the Sahel: Implications for Air Quality and Respiratory Health

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Observed and Modeled Seasonal Air Quality and Respiratory Health in Senegal During 2015 and 2016

Observed and Modeled Seasonal Air Quality and Respiratory Health in Senegal During 2015 and 2016

Formation and Transport of a Saharan Dust Plume in Early Summer

Characterization of Bacteria on Aerosols From Dust Events in Dakar, Senegal, West Africa

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