Wound Healing Metabolites from Peters’ Elephant-Nose Fish Oil: An In Vivo Investigation Supported by In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Abstract

Gnathonemuspetersii (F. Mormyridae) commonly known as Peters’ elephant-nose fish is a freshwater elephant fish native to West and Central African rivers. The present research aimed at metabolic profiling of its derived crude oil via GC-MS analysis. In addition, wound healing aptitude in adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits along with isolated bioactive compounds in comparison with a commercial product (Mebo®). The molecular mechanism was studied through a number of in vitro investigations, i.e., radical scavenging and inhibition of COX enzymes, in addition to in silico molecular docking study. The results revealed a total of 35 identified (71.11%) compounds in the fish oil, belonging to fatty acids (59.57%), sterols (6.11%), and alkanes (5.43%). Phytochemical investigation of the crude oil afforded isolation of six compounds 1–6. Moreover, the crude oil showed significant in vitro hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the crude oil along with one of its major components (compound 4) exhibited selective inhibitory activity towards COX-2 with IC50 values of 15.27 and 2.41 µM, respectively. Topical application of the crude oil on excision wounds showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the wound healing rate in comparison to the untreated and Mebo®-treated groups, where fish oil increased the TGF-β1 expression, down-regulated TNF-α, and IL-1β. Accordingly, Peters’ elephant-nose fish oil may be a potential alternative medication helping wound healing owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Wound Healing and Antioxidant Capabilities of Zizyphus mauritiana Fruits: In-Vitro, In-Vivo, and Molecular Modeling Study

“…LC-MS profiling for the crude ZFE was carried out to identify their chemical components, and identification of the annotated compounds was carried out depends on HR-ESIMS compared to literature data. Dereplicated compounds as shown in ( Table S2 and Figure 10 ) belong to different phytochemical classes such as: amphibine H ( 1 ) [ 53 ], amphibine B ( 2 ) [ 54 ], amphibine D ( 3 ) [ 54 ], amphibine E ( 4 ) [ 54 ], mauritine J ( 5 ) [ 55 ], amphibine F ( 6 ) [ 56 ], zizogenin ( 7 ) [ 57 ], frangufoline ( 8 ) [ 56 ], 12-Hentriacontanol ( 9 ) [ 58 ], hexadecanoic acid undecyl ester ( 10 ) [ 59 ], 12-hydroxy-9-tetratriacontanone ( 11 ) [ 58 ], mauritine A ( 12 ) [ 57 ], mauritine F ( 13 ) [ 60 ], mauritine E ( 14 ) [ 61 ], mauritine B ( 15 ) [ 56 ], mauritine C ( 16 ) [ 56 ], mauritine D ( 17 ) [ 56 ], mauritine H ( 18 ) [ 60 ], 3,6,8-Trihydroxy-1-methylanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (19) [ 10 ], zizimauritic acid C ( 20 ) [ 62 ], zizimauritic acid C 21-Me ether ( 21 ) [ 62 ], franganine ( 22 ) [ 63 ], gallocatechin-(4α→8)-gallocatechin or prodelphinidin B ( 23 ) [ 64 ], sativanine A ( 24 ) [ 65 ], zizyflavoside B ( 25 ) [ 65 ], Zizyphine F ( 26 ) [ 53 ], 3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone ( 27 ) [ 66 ], jujubasaponin IV ( 28 ).…”

“…Interestingly, traditional herbal therapies still the preferable wound-healing therapies in rural populations of developing countries not only because of their availability and cheapness, but also because of their proven efficacy, clinical acceptance and low or no side effects as wound remedies. Herbal extracts of many plant species play a significant role in curing critical diseases [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] and have a great contribution to the wound healing process [ 10 ], such as the leaf extract of Coccinia grandis [ 11 ], curcumin obtained from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa [ 12 ], Aloe vera , aqueous extract of leaves of Hippophae rhamnosides and Rosmarinus officinalis L. Furthermore, both Aloe vera and Calendula officinal extracts have been reported to exhibit a good effect in the wound healing process [ 13 , 14 ]. All these herbal extracts commonly have at least one or more of active constituents (such as triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols, vitamins, alkaloids, and/or sterols) which known to help in promoting wound-healing process.…”

Antiulcer Potential of Psidium guajava Seed Extract Supported by Metabolic Profiling and Molecular Docking

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox11071230/s1, Table S1: Primer sequence of the genes included in the study [35,[49][50][51][52]. Institutional Review Board Statement: Extreme care was taken and all procedures on rabbits were adopted according to Deraya laboratory guidelines.…”

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at: , Table S1: Primer sequence of the genes included in the study [ 35 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Malapterurus electricus Skin Fish Methanolic Extract in Arthritic Rats: Therapeutic and Protective Effects

“…Marine biodiversity has sparked considerable interest in allowing a massive hidden source of chemicals with numerous remedial and feed demands [ 8 ]. Among them are fish, which are widely consumed due to their high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, or omega (ω)-fatty acids), protein, and essential amino acids [ 9 ].…”