Worsening of Obesity and Metabolic Status Yields Similar Molecular Adaptations in Human Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue: Decreased Metabolism and Increased Immune Response

Abstract

The increase in adiposity and the worsening of metabolic status are associated with a coordinated down-regulation of metabolism-related and up-regulation of immune response-related gene expression. Molecular adaptations in SAT prove as discriminating as those in VAT.

The Defense of Adipose Tissue against Excess Substrate-Induced Hyperthrophia: Immune System Cell Infiltration and Arrested Metabolic Activity

“…The Klimčá ková et al (6) study confirms previous findings that uncomplicated obesity alone (i.e. the simple accumulation of fat) is not pathologically serious enough (7) to trigger a full response of the immune system.…”

“…Often, however, obesity precedes the setting of a full-fledged metabolic syndrome, as shown by the Klimčá ková et al (6) study. It may seem that the response of adipose tissue (including the immune cell hosts) to the aggressive storage of energy is in itself a critical factor in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, but additional factors are needed to allow the full negative consequences of the metabolic syndrome to develop.…”

“…In the paper by Klimčá ková et al (6), published in this issue of JCEM, the careful analysis of the expression of omental and sc adipose tissue of humans reveals a remarkable convergence in the mechanisms of adaptation to the metabolic syndrome for both fat depots. In the two sites, there was a macroscopic advance of the disease along a series of human groups with varying degrees of adiposity (lean, overweight, obese, and obese with overt metabolic syndrome).…”

n3 PUFAs Do Not Affect Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Overweight to Moderately Obese Men and Women1–3

“…Subcutaneous and visceral fat depots in humans are known to exhibit differences in metabolic function and secretory capacity (29)(30)(31). However, genes involved in metabolic pathways, such as those pertaining to energy/electron transport and lipid, fatty acid, amino acid, and pyruvate metabolism, were negatively associated with body fat mass and insulin resistance in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots (32). Genes involved in inflammation were positively associated with body fat mass and insulin resistance, again similarly in both depots.…”

A nontargeted proteomic approach to the study of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in human obesity

“…Differences with other nontargeted studies may derive from the use of different samples and proteomic techniques, such as studies of adipose tissue secretome using proteomic gel-free approaches (Alvarez-Llamas et al, 2007;Molina et al, 2009;Szalowska et al, 2007;Zhong et al, 2010;Zvonic et al, 2007) or from the use of genomic techniques, such as microarray analysis where differential gene expression in adipose depots is determined (Klimcakova et al, 2011;Siklova-Vitkova et al, 2012;van Beek et al, 2007).…”