Worm-free children: an integrated approach to reduction of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Central Java

Park, M J; Laksono, Budi; Clements, Archie C. A.; Sadler, Ross; Stewart, Donald Edwin

doi:10.1515/reveh-2015-0053

Cited by 7 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The other three CBAs were WASH hardware and education interventions that included instructions for children to use toilets constructed in its WASH intervention (Aziz 1990 BGD), or included child faeces disposal messaging in their health education component along with providing hand pumps (Alam 1989 BGD), or providing latrines (Park 2016 INA).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three studies were conducted in rural Bangladesh and collected data for children aged less than five years (Aziz 1990 BGD), less than 23 months (Alam 1989 BGD), and less than 19 months (Ahmed 1993 BGD). Park 2016 INA was conducted in rural Indonesia and collected data on STH in children aged between three and 13 years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only included the WASH vs non‐WASH results in review.WASH: standard of care messages plus information about safe disposal of faeces in a latrine, handwashing with soap at key times, protection of infants from geophagia and ingestion of animal faeces, chlorination of drinking water (especially for infants), and hygienic preparation of complementary food. Provision of household ventilated improved pit latrines, chlorine for water treatment, 2 handwashing facilities, soap, and a plastic mat and play space for infants.IYCFWASH and IYCF combinedMean prevalence of diarrhoea (7‐day recall)—Mean LAZ scoreMean WAZ scoresWeight‐for‐length Z scoresMUAC‐for‐age Z scoresHead circumference‐for‐age Z scoresStunting (LAZ score < –2)Severely stunted (LAZ score < –3)Underweight (WAZ scores < –2)Wasted (weight‐for‐height Z scores < –2)(narratively)Dispose of water from cleaning infant nappies with faeces in a latrine (narratively)Cumulative mortality (narratively) CBA studies Alam 1989 BGD (rural)Hand pumps were provided with a ratio of 4–6 households (3 times more than control) + health education (main objectives: promotion of consistent and exclusive use of hand pump water, improvement of water handling and storage practices, disposal of child's faeces soon after defecation, washing hands before handling food, and rubbing hands in ash or using soap after defecation).Diarrhoea incidence (7‐day recall)————Aziz 1990 BGD (rural)148 new hand pumps (1 pump to 30 people on average) + free maintenance, 92% of households received a double‐pit water‐sealed latrine, hygiene education emphasising exclusive use of the pump water for all personal and domestic use, and the need for all members of the household, including young children to use the latrines.Diarrhoea incidence (7‐day recall)—Anthropometry (weight for age, height for age, weight for height) (narratively)—Dysentery, persistent diarrhoea (narratively)Park 2016 INA (rural)Budi's Amphibious Latrine (BALatrines) (simple squat latrines with a septic tank or pit) were constructed and all residents were given health education regarding hygiene, sanitation, and prevention of STH infections. The health education included many messages about preventing soil‐transmitted helminthiases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Park 2016 INA provided simple squat latrines with a septic tank or pit to households and gave health education regarding hygiene, sanitation, and prevention of STH infections. The health education component consisted of many messages, including hand washing, boiling water, food hygiene, and sanitation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection

Majorin

Torondel

Chan

et al. 2019

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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BackgroundDiarrhoea and soil‐transmitted helminth (STH) infections represent a large disease burden worldwide, particularly in low‐income countries. As the aetiological agents associated with diarrhoea and STHs are transmitted through faeces, the safe containment and management of human excreta has the potential to reduce exposure and disease. Child faeces may be an important source of exposure even among households with improved sanitation.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of interventions to improve the disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and STH infections.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and 10 other databases. We also searched relevant conference proceedings, contacted researchers, searched websites for organizations, and checked references from identified studies. The date of last search was 27 September 2018.Selection criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized controlled studies (NRS) that compared interventions aiming to improve the disposal of faeces of children aged below five years in order to decrease direct or indirect human contact with such faeces with no intervention or a different intervention in children and adults.Data collection and analysisTwo review authors selected eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We used meta‐analyses to estimate pooled measures of effect where appropriate, or described the study results narratively. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach.Main resultsSixty‐three studies covering more than 222,800 participants met the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐two studies were cluster RCTs, four were controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBA), and 37 were NRS (27 case‐control studies (one that included seven study sites), three controlled cohort studies, and seven controlled cross‐sectional studies). Most study sites (56/69) were in low‐ or lower middle‐income settings. Among studies using experimental study designs, most interventions included child faeces disposal messages along with other health education messages or other water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) hardware and software components. Among observational studies, the main risk factors relevant to this review were safe disposal of faeces in the latrine or defecation of children under five years of age in a latrine.Education and hygiene promotion interventions, including child faeces disposal messages (no hardware provision)Four RCTs found that diarrhoea incidence was lower, reducing the risk by an estimated 30% in children under six years old (rate ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 0.86; 2 trials, low‐certainty evidence). Diarrhoea prevalence measured in two other RCTs in children under five years of age was lower, but evidence was low‐certainty (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.04; low‐certainty evidence).Two controlled cohort studies that evaluated such an intervention in Bangladesh did not detect a difference on diarrhoe...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection

Majorin

Torondel

Chan

et al. 2019

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The latter component included village-wide, small group, and one-on-one meetings, including discussion and the distribution of pamphlets covering how the BALatrine can improve health and how to construct, use, and maintain the BALatrine [15]. The initial phase of this project was successful, with the introduction of the BALatrine linked to reduced levels of water contamination, soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection, and bowel-disease related absence from work or school [16,17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shadow Puppets and Neglected Diseases (2): A Qualitative Evaluation of a Health Promotion Performance in Rural Indonesia

Williams

Stewart

Bendrups

et al. 2018

IJERPH

Self Cite

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Performing arts used as a method of spreading health information dates back to the origins of storytelling. However, interventions in developing, non-Western countries typically utilize Western entertainment forms. This qualitative investigation assesses responses to an intervention designed around traditional Javanese shadow puppetry (wayang kulit). Semi-structured interviews provided in-depth responses from a sample (N = 12) of villagers. Responses analyzed both cross-case and within-case, focused on perceptions of the music and storyline, responses to the intervention, and the perceived appropriateness of wayang kulit for disseminating a health message. Wayang kulit was considered to be interesting and easy to remember, but concerns remained regarding the reliability of information provided through the drama. The fusion of traditional and modern music and story elements were perceived positively. Some participants were inspired to improve their hygiene practices, although the lack of motivation, or belief that they were unable to change was noted. The performance was generally received positively in terms of the nature of the intervention, the fusion of traditional and Western music and story elements, as well as the use of wayang kulit to spread health information. The study provides guidance for modifications to the production, prior to scaling up.

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Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil-transmitted helminth infection

Garn

Wilkers

Meehan

et al. 2022

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background It is estimated that 1.5 billion people are infected with soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs) worldwide. Re‐infection occurs rapidly following deworming, and interruption of transmission is unlikely without complementary control efforts such as improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access and behaviours. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of WASH interventions to prevent STH infection. Search methods We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 19 October 2021. Selection criteria We included interventions to improve WASH access or practices in communities where STHs are endemic. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), as well as trials with an external control group where participants (or clusters) were allocated to different interventions using a non‐random method (non‐RCTs). We did not include observational study designs. Our primary outcome was prevalence of any STH infection. Prevalence of individual worms was a secondary outcome, including for Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , hookworm ( Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus ), or Strongyloides stercoralis . Intensity of infection, measured as a count of eggs per gram of faeces for each species, was another secondary outcome. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts and full‐text records for eligibility, performed data extraction, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for RCTs and the EPOC tool for non‐RCTs. We used a random‐effects meta‐analysis to pool study estimates. We used Moran’s I² statistic to assess heterogeneity and conducted subgroup analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results We included 32 studies (16 RCTs and 16 non‐RCTs) involving a total of 52,944 participants in the review. Twenty‐two studies (14 RCTs (16 estimates) and eight non‐RCTs (11 estimates)) reported on our primary outcome, prevalence of infection with at least one STH species. Twenty‐one studies reported on the prevalence of A lumbricoides (12 RCTs and 9 non‐RCTs); 17 on the prevalence of T trichiura (9 RCTs and 8 non‐RCTs); 18 on the prevalence of hookworm (10 RCTs and 8 non‐RCTs); and one on the prevalence of S stercoralis (1 non‐RCT). Sixteen studies measured the intensity of infection for an individual STH type. Ten RCTs and five non‐RCTs reported on the intensity of infection of A lumbricoides ; eight RCTs and five non‐RCTs measured the intensity of infection of T trichiura ; an...

show abstract

Worm-free children: an integrated approach to reduction of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Central Java

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection

Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection

Shadow Puppets and Neglected Diseases (2): A Qualitative Evaluation of a Health Promotion Performance in Rural Indonesia

Interventions to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene for preventing soil-transmitted helminth infection

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