Worldwide Status of Insecticide Resistance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, Vectors of Arboviruses of Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika and Yellow Fever

Abstract

Background: Controlling of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vectors of five important mosquito-borne diseases, is known as the most effective method to prevent the transmission of arboviruses to humans, but the emergence of insecti­cide resistance is threat for control and prevention of vector borne diseases. A better understanding of mosquito re­sistance to insecticides will help to develop more effective methods to control insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors.
 Methods: Worldwide geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by the availa­ble papers and map of the data for carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, microbial and insect growth regulator insecticides were reviewed. Article data published up to December 2022 were investigated by search­ing the following databases: "Google Scholar", "PubMed", "Scopus", "SID" and "Web of Knowledge".
 Results: The results showed that the susceptibility and resistance status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to insecticides in the world is very diverse.
 Conclusion: Due to the importance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the transmission of mosquito-borne arbovirus­es, resistance management should be given more attention worldwide to prevent insecticide resistance in the arbovirus vector and replace the new approach for vector control.

Demonstration of RNAi Yeast Insecticide Activity in Semi-Field Larvicide and Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait Trials Conducted on Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes

“…This might, in turn, open the potential for the registry of second-generation ATSBs that include RNAi yeast as an active ingredient. RNAi yeast ATSBs could enhance existing ATSB technology as a mosquito-specific next-generation ATSB, the use of which could help combat insecticide resistance, a growing problem which must be addressed by the development of new interventions [24][25][26]. The specificity of the Sh.463 shRNA insecticide for mosquitoes, as illustrated by the observed lack of impact of this insecticide on other insects [4], makes it an eco-friendly alternative to broad-based insecticides.…”

The Perpetual Vector Mosquito Threat and Its Eco-Friendly Nemeses

“…These chemicals can directly harm non-target invertebrate and vertebrate species, accumulate in the environment, affect food webs for protracted periods, and, in particular, impose selective pressures leading to the persistence of resistant mosquito populations [ 83 , 84 , 85 ]. Regarding the latter, resistance to organophosphates, including larvicidal temephos and chlorpyrifos, carbamates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids, has been documented for species of Aedes , Culex , and Anopheles [ 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. Taken together and apart from climate change and globalization, resistance to synthetic insecticides is a major contributor to the proliferation of mosquitoes and spread of infectious diseases globally.…”