Worldwide Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus and Relative Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis

Abstract

Despite the increasing number of studies conducted recently to evaluate the association between HPV infections and the risk of prostate cancer, the results remain inconclusive. Furthermore, the prevalence and distribution of overall and individual HPV types worldwide in prostate cancer has not been reported until now. Therefore, we estimated the prevalence of HPV in prostate cancer by pooling data of 46 studies with 4919 prostate cancer cases, taking into account the heterogeneity of major related parameters, including study region, specimen type, HPV DNA source, detection method, publication calendar period and Gleason score. Moreover, we tested the association of HPV infections with prostate cancer risks by a meta-analysis of 26 tissue-based case-control studies. We found that the prevalence of HPV infection was 18.93% (95% CI = 17.84–20.05%) in prostate cancer cases, and most of which were high-risk HPV types (17.73%, 95% CI = 16.52–18.99%). The prevalence varied by region, PCR primers used, publication calendar period and Gleason score. Our study also showed a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer with the positivity of overall HPV detected in prostate tissues (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.29–2.49) and revealed the geographic variation of association strength (P < 0.001). In conclusion, HPV infections may contribute to the risk of prostate cancer.

No Association Between Human Papillomavirus and Prostate Cancer

“…PCR method is important in the detection of HPV infections in prostate cancer (5). Studies carried out on cancer tissues showed that PCR test using type -specific primer was more sensitive in the detection of HPV DNA, in comparison with the low detection rate of PCR test that uses HPV general primers.…”

“…Studies carried out on cancer tissues showed that PCR test using type -specific primer was more sensitive in the detection of HPV DNA, in comparison with the low detection rate of PCR test that uses HPV general primers. Because, HPV type -specific primers are designed to amplify shorter sequences of HPV DNA for example viral E gene, but HPV general primers are designed for long viral L1 gene (5). We used general and type specific primers.…”

“…Highrisk or more carcinogenic types, such as HPV - 16 and 18 have been proved to be a cause of cervical cancer in women (4,5). Also, studies have suggested a possible link between HPV infection and other cancers in women, such as vulva, vagina, and breast cancers (5).…”

“…The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 18.93% in prostate cancer cases, and most of which were high -risk HPV types. The prevalence varied by region, PCR primers used, publication period, and Gleason score (5).…”

All sites but skin cancer incidences analyzed worldwide by sex, age, and skin type over time (1955-2007), advancing age, and UVB dose reveals important carcinogenic drivers

“…[23][24][25] Finally, epigenetic methylation of cytosines from the virally-induced APOBEC system results in deamination of cytosines creating driver mutations in the PIK3CA gene [26][27][28] found in various cancers, [29] which are associated with HPV signature mutations. [30] We know high risk HPV's (primarily 16 and 18) are definitely involved in cervical, pharyngeal, penile, anal, vaginal, and vulva cancers [31] and recently meta-analysis suggests HPV is probably involved in other cancers as well such as lung, [32,33] prostate, [34,35] breast, [36] colon, [37] ovarian, [38] bladder, [39] and non-melanoma skin cancer. [40] In addition, HPV has been found in cancers like cutaneous malignant melanoma, [41,42] eye, [43] esophageal, [44] and stomach.…”