Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota

Ley, Ruth E.; Lozupone, Catherine; Hamady, Micah; Knight, Rob; Gordon, Jeffrey I.

doi:10.1038/nrmicro1978

Cited by 1,333 publications

(1,173 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Studies on the evolution of mammals and their gut microbes by DNA sequencing also indicate that the diet is a fundamental promoter of change in gut bacterial diversity (18) . Altogether, this evidence supports the hypothesis that the modulation of gut microbiota via dietary intervention is a potential strategy to help manage obesity and metabolic-associated disorders (10,16,17) , although actual proof is still limited.…”

Section: Obesity Weight Loss and Gut Microbiota Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota in obesity and metabolic disorders

2010

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Obesity is a major public health issue as it is causally related to several chronic disorders, including type-2 diabetes, CVD and cancer. Novel research shows that the gut microbiota is involved in obesity and metabolic disorders, revealing that obese animal and human subjects have alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota compared to their lean counterparts. Moreover, transplantation of the microbiota of either obese or lean mice influences body weight in the germ-free recipient mice, suggesting that the gut ecosystem is a relevant target for weight management. Indigenous gut microbes may regulate body weight by influencing the host's metabolic, neuroendocrine and immune functions. The intestinal microbiota, as a whole, provides additional metabolic functions and regulates the host's gene expression, improving the ability to extract and store energy from the diet and contributing to body-weight gain. Imbalances in the gut microbiota and increases in plasma lipopolysaccharide may also act as inflammatory factors related to the development of atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and body-weight gain. In contrast, specific probiotics, prebiotics and related metabolites might exert beneficial effects on lipid and glucose metabolism, the production of satiety peptides and the inflammatory tone related to obesity and associated metabolic disorders. This knowledge is contributing to our understanding of how environmental factors influence obesity and associated diseases, providing new opportunities to design improved dietary intervention strategies to manage these disorders.

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Section: Obesity Weight Loss and Gut Microbiota Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota in obesity and metabolic disorders

2010

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“…Intestinal microbiota is known as an indicator of health (12). The relative amount of main intestinal bacteria and their metabolites are usually analyzed, as any peroral food tends to affect on intestinal microbiota (11).…”

Section: Analysis Of Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, intestinal microbiota analysis of intestinal contents cannot be readily available. Fortunately, the change of fecal microbiota can reflect the change of intestinal microbiota (6,12). So, in this study, fecal samples were used to evaluate effects of GM Lp 590 as a model GMM on intestinal microbiota and their metabolites.…”

Section: Analysis Of Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of genetically modified Lactobacillus plantarum 590 on the gut health of sprague–dawley rats

Liu

Yang

et al. 2012

IUBMB Life

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Lp was a generally recognized as safe microorganism. Lactobacillus plantarum 590 was obtained by inserting nisI gene into Lp genome to help it tolerate higher concentration nisin. As the unintended effects of the genetically modified microorganism (GMM) are the most important barriers to the progress of GMM, we have performed a useful exploration to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for GMM from the point of view of intestinal health. In this study, Sprague–Dawley rats were orally administered with Lp 590 and Lp for 4 weeks. Fecal samples were collected to determine the number of beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium and harmful bacteria Clostridium perfringens. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to detect the bacterial profiles of every group. Fecal enzyme activities and short‐chain fatty acids as main metabolites were also examined. Real time PCR (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze two proteins (ZO‐1 and occludin) and secretory immunoglobulin A to detect intestinal permeability and mucosal immunity, gut permeability and gut mucosal immunity were analyzed to see whether GM Lp 590 can induce changes of the gut health when compared with non‐GM Lp group, andeventually we concluded that there is no significant difference between GM Lp 590‐fed group and non‐GM Lp‐fed group. The conclusion of gut health test was comparable withthat from traditional subchronic test. Evaluation of intestinal health will be a new approach of assessing the safety of GMM. © 2012 IUBMB Life, 64(7): 617–627, 2012.

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“…La composition de cette microflore varie selon les grandes catégories de régime alimentaire (régimes carnivore, herbivore et omnivore). Dans le cas des animaux herbivores et omnivores, les bactéries de la flore sont particulièrement prolixes en enzymes impliquées dans la digestion des polysaccharides de plantes terrestres [6]. Enfin les échanges de matériel généti-que sont assez fréquents entre bactéries intestinales [7].…”

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