World-Wide Importance of Phoma Stem Canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

Fitt, Bruce D.L.; Brun, Hortense; Barbetti, Martin J.; Rimmer, S. R.

doi:10.1007/s10658-005-2233-5

Cited by 380 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…and a few of them including L. biglobosa 'canadensis', L. biglobosa 'brassicae' and L. biglobosa 'thlaspii' were present in Canada (Mendes-Pereira et al 2003). To date, these two species have been found to coexist in North America, Australia and Europe, whereas only L. biglobosa has been identified in China Fitt et al 2006;Magyar et al 2006;Karolewski et al 2007;Brazauskiene et al 2011;Zhang et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ascospores are released in June in western Canada (Guo and Fernando 2005), May in Australia (Khangura et al 2001) and late September-early October in western and central Europe (Huang et al 2005). The epidemiology of blackleg differs between continents and regions because of differences in climate, growing season, cultivars and especially fungal populations (West et al 2001;Fitt et al 2006). Although the incidence of seed infection by L. maculans and L. biglobosa is relatively low, seed-borne inoculum is a major concern in transporting L. maculans into countries where L. maculans has not been identified, such as China (Fitt et al 2006;Zhang et al 2014;Fernando et al 2016;Van de Wouw et al 2016a, 2016b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, ascospore showers are believed to be the major inoculum (Fitt et al 2006). In Australia, the major inoculum of blackleg is ascospores, in combination with pycnidiospores (Barbetti 1976;Marcroft et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into fighting against blackleg disease of Brassica napus in Canada

Zhang

Fernando

2018

Crop Pasture Sci.

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Abstract. Blackleg disease, caused by the ascomycete fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, is a devastating disease of canola (Brassica napus) in Australia, Canada and Europe. Although cultural strategies such as crop rotation, fungicide application, and tillage are adopted to control the disease, the most promising disease control strategy is the utilisation of resistant canola varieties. However, field populations of L. maculans display a high evolutionary potential and are able to overcome major resistance genes within a few years, making disease control relying on resistant varieties challenging. In the early 1990s, blackleg resistance gene Rlm3 was introduced into Canadian canola varieties and provided good resistance against the fungal populations until the early 2000s, when moderate to severe blackleg outbreaks were observed in some areas across western Canada. However, the breakdown of Rlm3 resistance was not reported until recently, based on studies on R genes present in Canadian canola varieties and the avirulence allele frequency in L. maculans populations in western Canada. The fact that Rlm3 was overcome by the evolution of fungal populations demands canola breeding programs in Canada to be prepared to develop canola varieties with diversified and efficient R genes. In addition, frequent monitoring of fungal populations can provide up-to-date guidance for proper resistance genes deployment. This literature review provides insights into the outbreaks and management of blackleg disease in Canada.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into fighting against blackleg disease of Brassica napus in Canada

Zhang

Fernando

2018

Crop Pasture Sci.

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“…temperature, rainfall) can induce severe plant disease epidemics (Coakley et al 1999;Chakraborty 2005), which threaten food security if they affect staple crops (Luo et al 1995;Chakraborty et al 2000;Anderson et al 2004) and can damage landscapes if they affect amenity species (Brasier & Scott 1994;Bergot et al 2004). Severity of human, animal and plant disease epidemics is greatly affected by climatic factors, especially temperature and rainfall (Wint et al 2002;Fitt et al 2006a; Thomson et al 2006;Bosch et al 2007). Therefore, weather-based forecasts have been developed to guide control strategies for many important diseases worldwide (Wint et al 2002;Garrett et al 2006; Thomson et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Range and severity of a plant disease increased by global warming

Evans

Baierl

Semenov

et al. 2007

J. R. Soc. Interface.

183

204

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Climate change affects plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout the world but little work has been done on the effects of climate change on plant disease epidemics. To illustrate such effects, a weather-based disease forecasting model was combined with a climate change model predicting UK temperature and rainfall under high-and low-carbon emissions for the 2020s and 2050s. Multi-site data collected over a 15-year period were used to develop and validate a weather-based model forecasting severity of phoma stem canker epidemics on oilseed rape across the UK. This was combined with climate change scenarios to predict that epidemics will not only increase in severity but also spread northwards by the 2020s. These results provide a stimulus to develop models to predict the effects of climate change on other plant diseases, especially in delicately balanced agricultural or natural ecosystems. Such predictions can be used to guide policy and practice in adapting to effects of climate change on food security and wildlife.

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“…Leptosphaeria biglobosa 'brassicae' is the most common subclade. It is found in most canola growing areas with the exception of central Canada and Australia (Fitt et al 2006a). These isolates cause small dark leaf lesions followed by pale brown stem lesions with a dark margin on the upper stem (known as Phoma or upper stem lesions) (West et al 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification ofLeptosphaeria biglobosa'canadensis' onBrassica junceastubble from northern New South Wales, Australia

Wouw

Thomas

Cozijnsen

et al. 2008

Austral. Plant Disease Notes

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Abstract. Leptosphaeria biglobosa 'canadensis' is reported for the first time in Australia. All 88 Leptosphaeria isolates cultured from Brassica juncea stubble from northern NSW were L. biglobosa 'canadensis' whilst all 55 isolates cultured from Victorian stubble of the same B. juncea lines were L. maculans. Both L. biglobosa 'canadensis' and L. maculans formed similar sized lesions on B. juncea cotyledons after 14 days. However, L. biglobosa 'canadensis' isolates colonised stems less effectively than L. maculans and consequently caused less crown cankering.The two Dothideomycetes, Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa, comprise a species complex associated with disease of crucifers including Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape). Through the use of molecular techniques, L. biglobosa has been divided into six subclades, namely 'canadensis', 'occiaustralensis', 'brassicae', 'australiensis', 'erysimii' and 'thlaspii'. Leptosphaeria maculans has been divided into two subclades, 'brassicae' and 'lepidii ' (Mendes-Pereira et al. 2003;Voigt et al. 2005;Vincenot et al. 2008). In this paper we refer to L. maculans 'brassicae' as L. maculans.During infection of B. napus, L. maculans produces grey/ green large leaf lesions, followed by crown stem cankers. This disease, known as blackleg or Phoma stem canker, results in significant yield losses, particularly in Australia (Howlett 2004;Fitt et al. 2006a). In contrast, none of the subclades of L. biglobosa are reported to cause crown stem cankers. Leptosphaeria biglobosa 'brassicae' is the most common subclade. It is found in most canola growing areas with the exception of central Canada and Australia (Fitt et al. 2006a). These isolates cause small dark leaf lesions followed by pale brown stem lesions with a dark margin on the upper stem (known as Phoma or upper stem lesions) (West et al. 2002). In Australia, L. biglobosa 'australiensis' (cultured from B. napus) and more recently, L. biglobosa 'occiaustralensis' (cultured from B. napus and Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish)) have been described in eastern and western Australia, respectively (Plummer et al. 1994;Vincenot et al. 2008).Blackleg is primarily controlled by breeding varieties with resistance to L. maculans (Delourme et al. 2006). Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) is generally more resistant to L. maculans than B. napus (Purwantara et al. 1998;Li et al. 2008). Additionally, B. juncea is more drought-tolerant and can be grown in regions with short, warm to hot growing seasons in which soil water supply is unreliable (Oram et al. 2005). In Canada, B. juncea has been grown as a condiment mustard crop for 20 years, specifically in the hotter, drier areas of western Canada. In 2002, B. juncea varieties were released that produced canola quality oils (Burton et al. 2004). Over the past 20 years in Australia, small acreages in regions including northern New South Wales have produced condiment mustard. Brassica juncea varieties that produce canola-quality oils were commercially released in 2007 .Since blackleg disease is...

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World-Wide Importance of Phoma Stem Canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

Cited by 380 publications

References 62 publications

Insights into fighting against blackleg disease of Brassica napus in Canada

Insights into fighting against blackleg disease of Brassica napus in Canada

Range and severity of a plant disease increased by global warming

Identification ofLeptosphaeria biglobosa'canadensis' onBrassica junceastubble from northern New South Wales, Australia

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