World War II and the “Great Acceleration” of North Atlantic Fisheries

Holm, Poul

doi:10.3197/ge.2012.051005

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Among 75 species of torpedo rays and stingrays, only 9% consumed elasmobranchs, and the greatest dietary contribution was only 2.4% ( Torpedo torpedo [ 54 ]). However, recent meta-analyses have indicated that predation of elasmobranchs by batoids is more common than historically believed [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large batoid fishes frequently consume stingrays despite skeletal damage

et al. 2017

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The shapes of vertebrate teeth are often used as hallmarks of diet. Here, however, we demonstrate evidence of frequent piscivory by cartilaginous fishes with pebble-like teeth that are typically associated with durophagy, the eating of hard-shelled prey. High-resolution micro-computed tomography observation of a jaw specimen from one batoid species and visual investigation of those of two additional species reveal large numbers of embedded stingray spines, arguing that stingray predation of a scale rivalling that of the largest carnivorous sharks may not be uncommon for large, predatory batoids with rounded, non-cutting dentition. Our observations demonstrate that tooth morphology is not always a reliable indicator of diet and that stingray spines are not as potent a deterrent to predation as normally believed. In addition, we show that several spines in close contact with the jaw skeleton of a wedgefish (Rhynchobatus) have become encased in a disorganized mineralized tissue with a distinctive ultrastructure, the first natural and unequivocal evidence of a callus-building response in the tessellated cartilage unique to elasmobranch skeletons. Our findings reveal sampling and analysis biases in vertebrate ecology, especially with regard to the role of large, predatory species, while also illustrating that large body size may provide an escape from anatomical constraints on diet (e.g. gape size, specialist dentition). Our observations inform our concepts of skeletal biology and evolution in showing that tessellated cartilage—an ancient alternative to bone—is incapable of foreign tissue resorption or of restoring damaged skeletal tissue to its original state, and attest to the value of museum and skeletal specimens as records of important aspects of animal life history.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large batoid fishes frequently consume stingrays despite skeletal damage

et al. 2017

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“…New technologies released during the war such as DDT (243), acceleration in the use of hybrid corn (214), and the acceleration and refinement of the canning industry mastered during the war were shaped the post-war civilian food sector (218). Radar technology developed during the war enabled abundance to be achieved in the fishing industry (244). In the transport system the war left a legacy of new airports, runways, air traffic control systems and new standardised and larger aircraft powered by jet engines and equipped with cabin pressure opening up the era of mass international air travel (220,239).…”

Section: Imprints Of the Second World Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of War in Deep Transitions: Exploring Mechanisms, Imprints and Rules in Sociotechnical Systems

Johnstone

McLeish

2020

SSRN Journal

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This paper explores in what ways the two world wars influenced the development of sociotechnical systems underpinning the culmination of the first deep transition. The role of war is an underexplored aspect in both the Techno-Economic Paradigms (TEP) approach and the Multi-level perspective (MLP) which form the two key conceptual building blocks of the Deep Transitions (DT) framework. Thus, we develop a conceptual approach tailored to this particular topic which integrates accounts of total war and mechanisms of war from historical studies and imprinting from organisational studies with the DT framework's attention towards rules and metarules. We explore in what ways the three sociotechnical systems of energy, food, and transport were affected by the emergence of new demand pressures and logistical challenges during conditions of total war; how war impacted the directionality of sociotechnical systems; the extent to which new national and international policy capacities emerged during wartime in the energy, food, and transport systems; and the extent to which these systems were influenced by cooperation and shared sacrifice under wartime conditions. We then explore what lasting changes were influenced by the two wars in the energy, food, and transport systems across the transatlantic zone. This paper seeks to open up a hitherto neglected area in analysis on sociotechnical transitions and we discuss the importance of further research that is attentive towards entanglements of warfare and the military particularly in the field of sustainability transitions.

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“…Up to 50% recruitment enhancement or reduction was supported by tree ring-based estimates of annual climate fluctuations, and their confidence limits from 500 BC to the present (B€ untgen et al 2011). Catches were reduced up to 30% in relation to the reported severity of outbreaks of bubonic plague in north European countries (Wikipedia 2014), or episodes of naval warfare in the North Sea (Holm 2013), both societal events that are known to have reduced fishery catches (Project Gutenberg 2008).…”

Section: Reconstructing Historical Fish Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…). Catches were reduced up to 30% in relation to the reported severity of outbreaks of bubonic plague in north European countries (Wikipedia ), or episodes of naval warfare in the North Sea (Holm ), both societal events that are known to have reduced fishery catches (Project Gutenberg ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plenty more fish in the sea?

Watson

Pitcher

2015

Fish and Fisheries

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Only in the last century did humans overwhelmingly accept that fisheries resources are finite. Consequently, ‘there are more fish still in the sea than ever came out of it’ served as a popular metaphor for unbounded expectations for half a millennium, expectations that also extended to use of the planet in general. By reconstructing historical fishing back 1200 years, we identify when this metaphor actually ceased to be true. For some of our most important stocks, it has not been true for centuries, although surprisingly, for fishes globally, it applied until the last century. We demonstrate, however, that there can still be ‘plenty more fish in the sea’ and that with effective management they provide a continuous flow of benefits for our future

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World War II and the “Great Acceleration” of North Atlantic Fisheries

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

Large batoid fishes frequently consume stingrays despite skeletal damage

Large batoid fishes frequently consume stingrays despite skeletal damage

The Role of War in Deep Transitions: Exploring Mechanisms, Imprints and Rules in Sociotechnical Systems

Plenty more fish in the sea?

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