World Skarn Deposits

Meinert, Lawrence D.; Dipple, Gregory M.; Nicolescu, Stefan

doi:10.5382/av100.11

Cited by 487 publications

(392 citation statements)

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“…7). The high fluid fO 2 is also supported by the greater amount of garnet than pyroxene (Meinert et al, 2005;Xu et al, 2015), which is also consistent with most Cu skarn deposits around the world (Meinert et al, 2005). In addition, the local replacement of andradite by hedenbergite suggests decreasing fluid fO 2 with decreasing temperature .…”

Section: Skarn Mineralogy and Geochemistrysupporting

confidence: 72%

“…In addition, the local replacement of andradite by hedenbergite suggests decreasing fluid fO 2 with decreasing temperature . The hydrothermal fluid temperatures of stages I and II can be estimated from the mineral assemblages (Einaudi et al, 1981;Meinert, 1992;Meinert, 1998). The Yangla prograde skarn is dominated by garnet, diopside, and hedenbergite, but wollastonite is absent, which indicates a fluid temperature of 430-550 C (Einaudi et al, 1981;Meinert, 1992;Meinert, 1998).…”

Section: Skarn Mineralogy and Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion, and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region, SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

Huang

et al. 2019

Resource Geology

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The Yangla deposit is an intrusion‐related Cu deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt (eastern Sanjiang region, SW China). Despite extensive studies that have been conducted on this deposit, the relationship between the granitic magma and Cu mineralization is still unclear, and hence, the genesis is debated. To answer this question, we conducted an integrated study of mineralogy, fluid inclusions (FIs), and hydrogen and oxygen (H‐O) isotopes. Three mineralization stages were identified based on the ore textures, alteration zonation, and crosscutting relationships: (i) pre‐ore prograde skarn (stage I), with the garnet and pyroxene dominated by andradite and diopside, respectively; (ii) syn‐ore retrograde alteration (stage II), which is subdivided into the early syn‐ore stage (stage IIa) marked by retrograde hydrated mineral assemblages and significant Fe‐Cu‐Mo‐Pb‐Zn sulfide mineralization, and the late syn‐ore stage (stage IIb) featured by quartz‐calcite veins; and (iii) late supergene mineralization (stage III), which is characterized by secondary azurite and malachite. These results of mineralogy, FIs, and H‐O isotopes indicate that: (i) Cu mineralization has a close temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship with skarn alteration; (ii) the ore fluids were magmatic dominated with late‐stage meteoric water incursion; and (iii) Type‐S (halite‐bearing) and Type‐V (vapor‐rich) FIs coexisted in garnet and clinopyroxene of stage I, indicating that fluid boiling might have occurred during this stage. From stage I to stage IIa, the FI type transformed from Type‐S + Type‐V + Type‐L (liquid‐rich) to Type‐V + Type‐L with the conduct of mineralization and was accompanied by the disappearance of Type‐S, and homogenization temperature and salinity also tended to decrease dramatically, which may be caused by the deposition of skarn minerals. At stage IIa, boiling of the ore fluids still continued due to the change from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure, which triggered the precipitation of abundant quartz‐Cu‐Mo‐Fe sulfides. Furthermore, fluid mixing between a high‐temperature magmatic fluid and a low‐temperature meteoric water might cause a considerable drop in temperature and the deposition of Cu‐bearing quartz/calcite veins during stage IIb. Hence, we consider the Yangla deposit to be of a skarn type, genetically related to the Mesozoic magmatism in the Sanjiang region.

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Section: Skarn Mineralogy and Geochemistrysupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Skarn Mineralogy and Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion, and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region, SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

Huang

et al. 2019

Resource Geology

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“…The sulphur and metal in porphyry-skarn deposits are widely accepted to be derived from the magma themselves (Cooke, Hollings, & Walshe, 2005; Hou et al, 2013;Meinert, Dipple, & Nicolescu, 2005;Sillitoe, 2010), although some researchers also proposed that the ore-forming materials came from mixed sources from magma and country rock especially for some skarn deposits (e.g., Ishihara, Kajiwara, & Jin, 2002;Zeng et al, 2009 pH, and f O2 during sulphide precipitation (Ohmoto & Rye, 1979). The porphyry-skarn Cu deposits in the EKO have a simple assemblage of chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite but a lack of sulphates.…”

Section: Sources Of Sulphurmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological characteristics, metallogenesis, and tectonic setting of porphyry–skarn Cu deposits in East Kunlun Orogen

Wang

Chen

et al. 2018

Geological Journal

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The East Kunlun Orogen (EKO), as the west segment of the Central China Orogen, is the most important Triassic polymetallic metallogenic belt in China. In this paper, we summarize the geological characteristics (stratigraphy, structure, ore‐related plutons, wall rock alteration, and orebodies), ore‐forming fluids and materials, geochronology, and petro‐geochemistry of the representative porphyry–skarn Cu–polymetallic deposits, including the Saishitang, Hutouya, and Kaerqueka deposits in the EKO. The porphyry–skarn Cu deposits in the EKO are mainly distributed in tectonic units of the Qimantagh Belt and the Elashan Belt. Among them, the skarn Cu deposits provide the majority of Cu resources, which mainly occur in the contact zone between the Triassic granitoids and the volcanic–sedimentary rocks (e.g., the Ordovician–Silurian Tanjianshan Group and the Early to Middle Triassic Hongshuichuan Group), and the skarn and orebodies are mainly controlled by interlayer–gliding structures. Ore‐forming fluids of the porphyry Cu deposits are magmatic mixed with meteoric water, whereas the fluids of skarn Cu deposits are mainly of magmatic origin. The higher δ18O (>10‰) of garnet and pyroxene in prograde skarn and wide range of sulphur isotopic compositions (δ34S values from −8.9‰ to 11.0‰) suggest that ore‐forming materials of skarn Cu deposits were partially derived from the country rocks. Based on detailed field investigations, we identified four Cu mineralization types, including veinlet–disseminated Cu (Mo, Au) mineralization occurring within the intrusions, proximal skarn Cu (Fe, Pb, Zn, Au) mineralization, distal skarn Cu mineralization, and distal skarn Pb–Zn (Cu) mineralization. The porphyry–skarn Cu deposits are associated with magmatism that occurred mainly during 235–218 Ma. The ore‐related granitoids are mostly calc‐alkaline I‐type granites, derived from partial melting of the Precambrian basement rocks with various degrees of involvement of mantle components. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, we conclude that the Cu mineralization in the EKO began with the closure of A'nyemaqen Ocean (~238 Ma) and subsequently culminated in a postcollisional setting (~225 Ma).

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“…Hydrothermal magnetite contains spinel elements, such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Au, and Pb (Dare et al, 2014;Kesler, 2005;Meinert, Dipple, & Nicolescu, 2005;Yardley, 2005). These elements are commonly highly enriched in hydrothermal fluids compared to their concentrations in igneous magnetite (Audetat, Guenther, & Heinrich, 2000;Audetat, Pettke, Heinrich, & Bodnar, 2008;Rusk, Reed, Dilles, Klemm, & Heinrich, 2004).…”

Section: Implications For Ore Genesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These elements are commonly highly enriched in hydrothermal fluids compared to their concentrations in igneous magnetite (Audetat, Guenther, & Heinrich, 2000;Audetat, Pettke, Heinrich, & Bodnar, 2008;Rusk, Reed, Dilles, Klemm, & Heinrich, 2004). Magnetite associated with skarn deposits is commonly enriched in Ca, K, Mn, Al, Fe, Sn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cl, and As (Meinert et al, 2005). Trace element geochemical behaviour in different ore-forming systems is commonly controlled by multiple factors, which can lead to different elemental assemblages and concentrations in magnetite.…”

Section: Implications For Ore Genesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Stanniferous magnetite composition from the Haobugao skarn Fe–Zn deposit, southern Great Xing'an Range: Implication for mineral depositional mechanism

Wang

Wei

et al. 2017

Geological Journal

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The Great Xing'an Range in north‐eastern China hosts numerous super‐large Ag–Pb–Zn deposits and some Fe–Sn deposits. The Mesozoic Haobugao Fe–Zn polymetallic skarn deposit in the southern Great Xing'an Range is contemporaneous with the regional Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization. Numerous ore bodies are hosted in the Lower Permian carbonate strata or along the contact with the Early Cretaceous granite. According to the field and systematic petrography and mineralography research, the Haobugao mineralization phases are divided into 3 paragenetic stages: prograde stage, retrograde stage, and sulphide stage. Magnetite mainly occurred in the retrograde stage and replaced the anhydrous skarn minerals (e.g., garnet and diopside). Two types of magnetite (Mag1 and Mag2), including 6 subtypes, can be distinguished based on the scanning electron microscopy and back scattered electron images. Electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer analysis were used to determine major and trace elements in different types of magnetite. Mag1 has higher Ti and V concentrations than Mag2, indicating a relatively higher depositional temperature. Mag1 also contains relatively higher Mg and Mn concentrations, coupled with much lower Si and Al concentrations, which reflects a low fluid/rock ratio at the site of Mag1 deposition. Element variation features of Mag1 and Mag2 reveal that the Haobugao mineralization fluids gradually evolved from high‐temperature and low fluid/rock ratio fluids to relatively low‐temperature and high fluid/rock ratio fluids. However, electron probe microanalysis data of Mag2 display significantly higher Sn concentrations (up to 2.82 wt.%) than that in Mag1, which indicates that Sn can be incorporated into magnetite crystal lattice. We propose a possible substitution mechanism of Sn4+ + Mn2+ = 2Fe3+, supported by the strongly positive correlation between Sn4+ and Mn2+, whereby a substitution of Sn4+ for Fe3+ in octahedral sites of magnetite requires a compensatory substitution of Mn2+ for Fe3+ to maintain the charge balance.

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World Skarn Deposits

Cited by 487 publications

References 0 publications

Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion, and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region, SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion, and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region, SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

Geological characteristics, metallogenesis, and tectonic setting of porphyry–skarn Cu deposits in East Kunlun Orogen

Stanniferous magnetite composition from the Haobugao skarn Fe–Zn deposit, southern Great Xing'an Range: Implication for mineral depositional mechanism

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