World Health Organization International Standards for highly purified human, porcine and bovine insulins

Bristow, Adrian; Das, Rose E. Gaines; Bangham, D. R.

doi:10.1016/0092-1157(88)90004-2

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…following an overnight fast, and glucometry of the tail blood was performed prior to glucose injection and every 20 minutes afterwards for 2 hrs. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using the following formula: [fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) × fasting insulin (μIU/mL)] / 405 [ 22 ], where 1 mg insulin = 26 IU [ 23 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galectin-3 deficiency exacerbates hyperglycemia and the endothelial response to diabetes

Darrow

Shohet

2015

Cardiovasc Diabetol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundDiabetes promotes maladaptive changes in the endothelium that lead to its dysfunction and contribute to the vascular pathology of diabetes. We have previously reported the up-regulation of galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding lectin, in the endothelium and sera of diabetic mice, implicating this molecule in diabetic vasculopathy and suggesting its potential as a biomarker of the disease. Therefore, we sought to assess the role of galectin-3 in the vascular pathology of diabetes.MethodsGalectin-3 knockout mice (KO) and wild-type mice (WT) were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) (60 % fat calories) to produce insulin resistant diabetes, or standard chow (12 % fat calories), and their metabolic and endothelial responses were measured. After 8 weeks, the aortic and skeletal muscle endothelia were isolated by fluorescence sorting of CD105+/CD45− cells and comprehensive transcriptional analyses were performed. Transcripts differentially dysregulated by HFD in KO endothelium compared to WT were confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence of aortic and muscle tissue. Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis was used to identify pathways up-regulated by HFD in the KO, such as the coagulation cascade, and measurements of blood clotting activity were performed to confirm these results.ResultsKO mice demonstrate greater hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance but lower insulin levels on HFD compared to WT. KO mice demonstrate a more robust transcriptional response to HFD in the vascular endothelium compared to WT. Transcripts dysregulated in the KO endothelium after HFD are involved in glucose uptake and insulin signaling, vasoregulation, coagulation, and atherogenesis. One of the most down-regulated transcripts in the endothelium of the KO after HFD was the glucose transporter, Glut4/Slc2a4. GLUT4 immunofluorescence confirmed lower protein abundance in the endothelium and muscle of the HFD-fed KO. Prothrombin time was decreased in the diabetic KO indicating increased coagulation activity.ConclusionsGalectin-3 deficiency leads to exacerbated metabolic derangement and endothelial dysfunction. The impaired tissue uptake of glucose in KO mice can be attributed to the reduced expression of GLUT4. Enhanced coagulation activity in the diabetic KO suggests a protective role for galectin-3 against thrombosis. These studies demonstrate that galectin-3 deficiency contributes both to the pathogenesis of diabetes and the associated vasculopathy.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0230-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galectin-3 deficiency exacerbates hyperglycemia and the endothelial response to diabetes

Darrow

Shohet

2015

Cardiovasc Diabetol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For separate analysis of C-peptide with RIA and TRFIA, we included the calibrators from the commercial kits. The IRR 66/304 reference for insulin (NIBSC) (18 ) was used as such in the interference and recovery experiments.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Measurement of Plasma Concentrations of Proinsulin and C-Peptide and Their Ratio with a Trefoil-Type Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…8 It was revised upward again by the same committee in the 1986 to 26 IU/mg. 9,10 This value remains the standard to date, with the latest updates made in 2010. 11…”

Section: History or How This Came Aboutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin Units and Conversion Factors: A Story of Truth, Boots, and Faster Half-Truths

Knopp

Holder-Pearson

Chase

2018

J Diabetes Sci Technol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Conventional insulin concentration units (IU/mL or just U/mL) are bioefficacy based, whereas the Système International (SI) units (pmol/L) are mass based. In converting between these two different approaches, there are at least 2 well-accepted conversion factors, where there should be only 1. The correct value is not the most-used or well-accepted using online calculators, some journal styles, laboratory reports, and published articles. In short, an incorrect insulin conversion factor is widely used which underreports insulin concentrations by ~15%, with potentially significant research and clinical implications. This short commentary describes the history of insulin IU definitions and conversion factors, and highlights the widespread nature of conversion factor misuse, to provoke deeper interest and thought regarding numbers we so often use without thinking.

show abstract

World Health Organization International Standards for highly purified human, porcine and bovine insulins

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

Galectin-3 deficiency exacerbates hyperglycemia and the endothelial response to diabetes

Galectin-3 deficiency exacerbates hyperglycemia and the endothelial response to diabetes

Simultaneous Measurement of Plasma Concentrations of Proinsulin and C-Peptide and Their Ratio with a Trefoil-Type Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay

Insulin Units and Conversion Factors: A Story of Truth, Boots, and Faster Half-Truths

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About