World Crisis of Rare Earth – Inoculants Enhancer Solution for Ductile Iron Production

Abstract

The unique properties of rare earth elements (REE) have resulted in their being crucial to a growing number of emerging technologies. As the demand for REE currently exceeds annual production, the present worldwide crisis for REE will probably continue for the foreseeable future. Hence, it is highly likely that the availability of REE used in the metallurgy of cast iron will be significantly reduced and alternatives to REE usage may have to be developed. Graphite nodules nucleate heterogeneously on particles formed in the melt, having a duplex structure (sulphide as a core and oxide/silicate as a shell). Mg, Ca and REE appear to act in the nucleation first stage, while Si, Al, Mg, REE, Ca, Sr and Ba act predominately in the second stage. Generally, REE are employed in ductile irons to accomplish the following tasks: (a) neutralize tramp elements such as Ti, Pb, Bi, As etc; (b) assist in nodulizing or provide a supplementary effect to Mg to promote spheroidal graphite shapes; (c) assist in nucleating graphite. When anti-nodularising Thielman control factors (K) are less than 0.8, REE are usually not required since there are no trace elements to neutralize. REE are useful for K factors between 0.80 to 1.20 and are mandatory for K factors greater than 1.20. Theilman factors greater than 2.0 will always require REE. When Theilman factors are less than 0.80, REEreslevels of 0.01% are usually more than sufficient for ductile iron production. Three ductile iron inoculation alloys were selected for this research: (a) a conventional Ca bearing 75% FeSi inoculant (Ca-FeSi), used at a high consumption level; (b) an improved conventional Ca-FeSi alloy that incorporated active inoculating elements, such as Ba or REE, used at a medium consumption level, and (c) a combination of a commercial inoculant, such as Ca-FeSi alloy, used with a separate oxy-sulphide inoculant enhancer alloy addition. The last inoculation variant provided the best structural parameters and the lowest consumption level.

Structural Characteristics of Ductile Iron at Different Rare Earth Contribution from a Magnesium Ferrosilicon Alloy

“…The specially designed test mould had a central downsprue, which fed Mg-treated iron simultaneously to four separate reaction test chambers (one as an un-inoculated reference and three to test different alloys) [6,7]. W 3 chill wedge samples (ASTM A367-85 specification, 19 x 38 x 100 mm dimensions, CM = 3.5 mm cooling modulus), plate samples (4.5mm thickness) and round bar samples (25mm diameter) were gated off the reaction chamber, to evaluate the structure characteristics of un-inoculated and Ca-FeSi [wt-%: 73.80Si, 1.02Ca, 0.77Al, Fe-bal] inoculated ductile irons.…”

Thermal Analysis to Optimize and Control the Cast Iron Solidification Process

“…Recently [16] it was found that in order to improve inoculation of grey iron, a proprietary oxysulphide inoculant enhancing alloy [(RES-IEP) based on a high S, high O proprietary alloy with optimum amounts of Al and Ca] [17], could be added with the conventional Ca / Ca,Ba / Ca,RE -FeSi inoculants [0.1wt.% alloys, in-mould inoculation].…”

Inoculation Enhancing Effects on Chill Tendency in the Mould Inoculated Grey Cast Iron

“…The carbide formation (chill tendency) is a very important characteristic of iron casting with effects on machinability and mechanical properties. Many factors are involved in carbide formation such as melting procedure (charge materials, thermal regime), iron chemistry (base chemical composition, minor / trace elements, alloying elements), liquid state treatments (gas stirring, vibration, inoculation), casting characteristics, pouring parameters, mold and core media [7][8][9]. A controlled procedure was employed to record the level of chill or carbide forming tendency, respectively [7].…”