World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys

Holdsworth, Pa; Conway, D. P.; McKenzie, M. Elizabeth; Dayton, A. D.; Chapman, Harold D.; Mathis, Greg F.; Skinner, John; Mundt, Hans-Christian; Williams, R. B.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.03.006

Cited by 143 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…This disagreement could be attributed to the fact that vaccine oocysts are of low pathogenicity and do not cause such severe lesions as wild-type oocysts. Furthermore, the number of oocysts contained in the vaccine was much lower compared with field infection or experimental challenge (Waldenstedt et al, 2000;Holdsworth et al, 2004). The increased viscosity of the ileum content in birds vaccinated with attenuated anticoccidial vaccine was not followed by increased caecal counts of C. perfringens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

et al. 2013

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccination on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups according to the following experimental design: control Group N; Group PN, where birds were vaccinated with anticoccidial vaccine; Group M, where birds were challenged with Clostridium perfringens and with Eimeria maxima; and Group PM, where birds were both vaccinated and challenged. From each bird, the intestine, gizzard and liver were scored for gross NE lesions. Intestinal digesta were collected for pH and viscosity determination. Samples from the gastrointestinal tract and liver were taken for microbiological analysis. Evaluation of the experimental data revealed that Group M had significantly higher overall mean NE intestinal lesions compared with Group PM. Viscosity values of jejunum digesta as well as pH values of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum digesta in Group M were significantly lower compared with Group PM. C. perfringens counts in the caeca of Group PM were significantly lower compared with Group M. The milder decrease of pH and viscosity values of intestinal content and the reduction of C. perfringens counts in the caeca in challenged and vaccinated birds may explain the lower score of NE gross intestinal lesions and may suggest a positive effect on intestinal ecosystem and a significant protective effect of attenuated anticoccidial vaccination against NE in a subclinical experimental model

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

et al. 2013

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“…containing 500 000 viable oocysts per milliliter. The chickens were monitored daily for signs of infection, which was defined as the presence of oocysts in the faeces with concurrent bloody diarrhoea (Holdsworth et al, 2004). At the first signs of infection, chickens were treated with one of the herbal extracts, once a day for 5 days at 1 ml/bird by gavage.…”

Section: Animals and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pooled oocyst counts, per group, were undertaken as previously described by Holdsworth et al (2004). Individual oocyst counts were not feasible due to the inability to house birds individually.…”

Section: Observations and Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The value of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in attenuating coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Naidoo

McGaw

Bisschop

et al. 2008

Veterinary Parasitology

148

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Coccidiosis remains one of the most important diseases in the poultry industry and results in the annual loss of millions of US dollars by the poultry industry. In South Africa and other developing countries where a large percentage of the population is unemployed, cheap food production is necessary. If the control of the coccidian parasite could be made more economical, these savings could be passed on to the consumer. In Europe, where the economics are different, people are becoming more aware of the potential dangers of using antimicrobials in producing animal protein. A solution to both these problems could be the use of plant products that function by mechanisms other than those of chemotherapeutics, with the additional advantage of a natural origin. Antioxidant compounds could hold promise for the control of Eimeria infections due to the association of coccidial infection with lipid peroxidation of the intestinal mucosa. Four plant extracts with antioxidant activity were screened for their anticoccidial activity in vivo with toltrazuril as the positive control. Combretum woodii (160 mg/kg) proved to be extremely toxic to the birds, while treatment with Tulbaghia violacea (35 mg/kg), Vitis vinifera (75 mg/kg) and Artemisia afra (150 mg/kg) resulted in feed conversion ratios similar to toltrazuril, and higher than the untreated control. T. violacea also significantly decreased the oocyst production in the birds. From this study we conclude that antioxidant-rich plant extracts have potential benefits in treating coccidial infections. The promising results obtained with T. violacea justify further studies on the potential value of the plant as a therapeutic or prophylactic anticoccidial agent.

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“…The mean number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of litter was calculated in accordance with the standard procedures of the World Association of Animal Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) (HOLDSWORTH et al, 2004).…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the granulometric characteristics of monensin sodium on controlling experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Rambozzi

Renna

Cornale

et al. 2012

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of monensin sodium grain size on controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Three hundred and fifty Cobb 700 chicks were infected experimentally with 8 × 10 4 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. The birds were fed with diets supplemented with powdered (n = 150) or granulated (n = 150) monensin, with particle sizes of ≤100 µm and 450-650 µm, respectively. The remaining chicks (n = 50) were used as an unmedicated control group. The birds' weights and number of oocysts per gram of litter in each group were recorded weekly. A total of 96 birds were randomly selected and culled during the trial. Their intestinal oocyst counts and lesion scores were determined. No significant differences in body weights were found between the groups at the end of the study. The percentages of infected animals, oocyst counts and lesion scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the other two groups; the two treated groups did not show any appreciable differences to each other. Enteritis was observed in 14 birds, all in the group supplemented with granulated monensin. These results suggest that powdered and granulated monensin have comparable efficacy in controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. However, treatments with monensin sodium of high grain size may be subject to contraindications relating to enteritis.Keywords: Gallus gallus, coccidiostatic drug, Eimeria, particle size. ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a eficácia da monensina sódica com diferentes granulometrias no controle da coccidiose em frangos de corte. Trezentos e cinquenta pintos Cobb 700 foram infectados experimentalmente, utilizando-se 8 × 10 4 oocistos esporulados de Eimeria spp. As aves foram alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com monensina em pó (n = 150) ou granulada (n = 150), com partículas de dimensão ≤100 µm e de 450-650 µm respetivamente. As aves restantes (n = 50) foram utilizadas como grupo controle não sujeito a tratamento. O peso das aves e o número de oocistos por grama de material de cama de cada grupo foram avaliados semanalmente. Um total de 96 aves foi selecionado aleatoriamente e submetidos à eutanásia durante o período experimental. Nestas aves foram analisados o número de oocistos intestinais e o respectivo escore das lesões. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas relativas ao peso dos animais dos diferentes grupos no final do período experimental. A proporção de animais infectados, a quantidade de oocistos e o escore das lesões foram significativamente superiores no grupo de controle, quando comparado com os dois grupos tratados, não encontrando diferenças significativas entre estes últimos. Foi observada enterite em 14 aves, pertencentes ao grupo suplementado com monensina granulada. Estes resultados indicam que a eficácia da monensina em pó e granulada é semelhante no controle de coccidiose em frangos de corte. No entanto, o tratamento com monensina sódica de elevada granulometria pode ser objeto de contraindicações associ...

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World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys

Cited by 143 publications

References 51 publications

The role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

The role of an attenuated anticoccidial vaccine on the intestinal ecosystem and on the pathogenesis of experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

The value of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in attenuating coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Effect of the granulometric characteristics of monensin sodium on controlling experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens

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