Workplace exposure to engineered nanoparticles

Plitzko, Sabine

doi:10.1080/08958370902962317

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In 2008 the Center for High Rate Manufacturing recommended locating equipment at least 6 inches (15 cm) behind the sash, minimizing hood clutter, and avoiding rapid or violent motions while working in the hood [202]. In a study conducted in an industrial setting, use of an exhaust hood during procedures that are more likely to release ENMs (their production, handling, measurement, and reactor cleanout) resulted in no significant increase of ENMs in the workplace [203]. These studies show that significant reduction of worker exposure to ENMs can be achieved using available fume hoods and consideration of worker activities within these hoods.…”

Section: Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered nanomaterials: exposures, hazards, and risk prevention

Yokel

MacPhail²

2011

J Occup Med Toxicol

181

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Nanotechnology presents the possibility of revolutionizing many aspects of our lives. People in many settings (academic, small and large industrial, and the general public in industrialized nations) are either developing or using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or ENM-containing products. However, our understanding of the occupational, health and safety aspects of ENMs is still in its formative stage. A survey of the literature indicates the available information is incomplete, many of the early findings have not been independently verified, and some may have been over-interpreted. This review describes ENMs briefly, their application, the ENM workforce, the major routes of human exposure, some examples of uptake and adverse effects, what little has been reported on occupational exposure assessment, and approaches to minimize exposure and health hazards. These latter approaches include engineering controls such as fume hoods and personal protective equipment. Results showing the effectiveness - or lack thereof - of some of these controls are also included. This review is presented in the context of the Risk Assessment/Risk Management framework, as a paradigm to systematically work through issues regarding human health hazards of ENMs. Examples are discussed of current knowledge of nanoscale materials for each component of the Risk Assessment/Risk Management framework. Given the notable lack of information, current recommendations to minimize exposure and hazards are largely based on common sense, knowledge by analogy to ultrafine material toxicity, and general health and safety recommendations. This review may serve as an overview for health and safety personnel, management, and ENM workers to establish and maintain a safe work environment. Small start-up companies and research institutions with limited personnel or expertise in nanotechnology health and safety issues may find this review particularly useful.

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Section: Risk Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered nanomaterials: exposures, hazards, and risk prevention

Yokel

MacPhail²

2011

J Occup Med Toxicol

181

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“…Due to agglomeration, exposure to primary nanoparticles in aerosols is expected to be low (Plitzko 2009;Schneider et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazard identification of inhaled nanomaterials: making use of short-term inhalation studies

Klein

Wiench

Wiemann³

et al. 2012

Arch Toxicol

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A major health concern for nanomaterials is their potential toxic effect after inhalation of dusts. Correspondingly, the core element of tier 1 in the currently proposed integrated testing strategy (ITS) is a short-term rat inhalation study (STIS) for this route of exposure. STIS comprises a comprehensive scheme of biological effects and marker determination in order to generate appropriate information on early key elements of pathogenesis, such as inflammatory reactions in the lung and indications of effects in other organs. Within the STIS information on the persistence, progression and/or regression of effects is obtained. The STIS also addresses organ burden in the lung and potential translocation to other tissues. Up to now, STIS was performed in research projects and routine testing of nanomaterials. Meanwhile, rat STIS results for more than 20 nanomaterials are available including the representative nanomaterials listed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) working party on manufactured nanomaterials (WPMN), which has endorsed a list of representative manufactured nanomaterials (MN) as well as a set of relevant endpoints to be addressed. Here, results of STIS carried out with different nanomaterials are discussed as case studies. The ranking of different nanomaterials potential to induce adverse effects and the ranking of the respective NOAEC are the same among the STIS and the corresponding subchronic and chronic studies. In another case study, a translocation of a coated silica nanomaterial was judged critical for its safety assessment. Thus, STIS enables application of the proposed ITS, as long as reliable and relevant in vitro methods for the tier 1 testing are still missing. Compared to traditional subacute and subchronic inhalation testing (according to OECD test guidelines 412 and 413), STIS uses less animals and resources and offers additional information on organ burden and progression or regression of potential effects.

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“…For the most part, these sampling approaches have focused on application of various direct-reading instruments (DRIs), with filter-based chemical analyses or microscopy used as confirmatory samples. Similar DRI methodologies have been used to conduct a majority of the published exposure assessment studies for CNTs/CNFs (Bello et al, 2008(Bello et al, , 2009(Bello et al, , 2010Han et al, 2008;Tsai et al, 2009;Evans et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2010;Methner et al, 2010b;Cena and Peters, 2011), as well as for other nanomaterials (Demou et al, 2008(Demou et al, , 2009Peters et al, 2009;Plitzko 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure Assessment in Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Primary and Secondary Manufacturers: Mobile Direct-Reading Sampling

Dahm

Evans

Schubauer‐Berigan

et al. 2012

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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Research Significance-Toxicological evidence suggests the potential for a wide range of health effects from exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). To date, there has been much focus on the use of direct-reading instruments (DRIs) to assess multiple airborne exposure metrics for potential exposures to CNTs and CNFs due to their ease of use and ability to provide instantaneous results. Still, uncertainty exists in the usefulness and interpretation of the data. To address this gap, air-monitoring was conducted at six sites identified as CNT and CNF manufacturers or users and results were compared with filter-based metrics.Methods-Particle number, respirable mass, and active surface area concentrations were monitored with a condensation particle counter, a photometer, and a diffusion charger, respectively. The instruments were placed on a mobile cart and used as area monitors in parallel with filter-based elemental carbon (EC) and electron microscopy samples. Repeat samples were collected on consecutive days, when possible, during the same processes. All instruments in this study are portable and routinely used for industrial hygiene sampling.Results-Differences were not observed among the various sampled processes compared with concurrent indoor or outdoor background samples while examining the different DRI exposure metrics. Such data were also inconsistent with results for filter-based samples collected concurrently at the same sites [Dahm MM, Evans DE, Schubauer-Berigan MK et al. (2012) Occupational exposure assessment in CNT and nanofiber primary and secondary manufacturers. Ann Occup Hyg; 56: 542-56]. Significant variability was seen between these processes as well as the indoor and outdoor backgrounds. However, no clear pattern emerged linking the DRI results to the EC or the microscopy data (CNT and CNF structure counts). *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1-513-458-7136; fax: +1-513-841-4486; mdahm@cdc.gov. Disclaimer-The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the NIOSH. Mention of any company name or product does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH. Conclusions-Overall, no consistent trends were seen among similar processes at the various sites. The DRI instruments employed were limited in their usefulness in assessing and quantifying potential exposures at the sampled sites but were helpful for hypothesis generation, control technology evaluations, and other air quality issues. The DRIs employed are nonspecific, aerosol monitors, and, therefore, subject to interferences. As such, it is necessary to collect samples for analysis by more selective, time-integrated, laboratory-based methods to confirm and quantify exposures. HHS Public Access

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Workplace exposure to engineered nanoparticles

Cited by 33 publications

References 2 publications

Engineered nanomaterials: exposures, hazards, and risk prevention

Engineered nanomaterials: exposures, hazards, and risk prevention

Hazard identification of inhaled nanomaterials: making use of short-term inhalation studies

Occupational Exposure Assessment in Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Primary and Secondary Manufacturers: Mobile Direct-Reading Sampling

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