“…Nursing workload has been described as influenced by the number of staff members, complexity of the diseases experienced by patients, patient turnover per day, and characteristics of the institution (Liu, Lee, Chia, Chi, & Yin, 2012;Somensi, Caregnato, Cervi, & Flores, 2018). Many studies define workload using working hours; therefore, in our study, the definition of nursing workload was the actual hours worked per shift related to the time of direct and indirect nursing care activities and timed using a stopwatch (Hurst, 2015;Kunecka, 2015).…”