“…This class is disproportionately populated by M aori and low-income migrant peoples who face persistent employment, income, housing, food, and health insecurities (Groot et al, 2017;Rua et al, 2023). We also respond to recent deliberations in research into whether work is the solution to poverty, and the efficacy of minimum wage rises and government income supplements as responses to in-work poverty (Conde et al, 2022;Fisher et al, 2023;Richardson & Blizard, 2022). Emerging literature suggests that lowpaid and precarious work does not lift people out of poverty and government financial assistance to help households make ends meet is also often insufficient (Carr, 2023;Conde et al, 2022;Fisher et al, 2023;Hodgetts & Stolte, 2017).…”