“…Data literacy is a complex term. Many studies note that the term has been interpreted in several ways (Bowler et al 2017), has no standard list of proficiencies (Dechman and Syms 2014), and has no concrete definition (Borgman 2016). DL has been defined as "an application of information literacy in the context of research" (Carlson and Johnson 2015, 29), "the ability to understand, find, collect, interpret, visualize, and support arguments using quantitative and qualitative data" (Deahl 2014, 41), and "a specific skill set and knowledge base, which empowers individuals to transform data into information and into actionable knowledge by enabling them to access, interpret, critically assess, manage, and ethically use data" (Koltay 2017, 10).…”