“…The short-term effects of shiftwork and long working hours are well known and are related to sleep problems, fatigue, work-life balance, work performance, and occupational injuries and accidents Härmä, 2006;Hobbs et al, 2010;Ohayon et al, 2010;Riedel et al, 2010;Wirtz et al, 2011). In the long run, shiftwork has been associated with increased risk of obesity (Di Milia & Mummery, 2009), breast cancer Pesch et al, 2010), cardiovascular disease (CVD; Puttonen et al, 2010), gastrointestinal disorders (Knutsson & Boggild, 2010), and possibly elevated mortality risk (Chen et al, 2010;Lo et al, 2010;Tanaka et al, 2010;Zhu et al, 2011), although it is debatable whether shiftwork, itself, is an independent risk factor for poor health (Frost et al, 2009;Stevens et al, 2010).…”