Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

Forbes, Naida F; Carrick, L. A.; McIntosh, Andrew M.; Lawrie, Stephen M.

doi:10.1017/s0033291708004558

Cited by 445 publications

(349 citation statements)

References 201 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Although many studies have focused on understanding cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia, an even larger amount of research has been devoted to the cognitive neuroscience of WM (43), leading to an overwhelming amount of evidence in support of WM impairments in schizophrenia (e.g., 5,44).…”

Section: Working Memory In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: common mechanisms and measurement

2014

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Decades of research have provided robust evidence of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders. Individuals with schizophrenia appear to be impaired on the majority of neuropsychological tasks, leading some researchers to argue for a "generalized deficit", in which the multitude of cognitive impairments are the result of a common neurobiological source. One such common mechanism may be an inability to actively represent goal information in working memory as a means to guide behavior, with the associated neurobiological impairment being a disturbance in the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Here, we provide a discussion of the evidence for such impairment in schizophrenia, and how it manifests in domains typically referred to as cognitive control, working memory and episodic memory. We also briefly discuss cognitive impairment in affective psychoses, reporting that the degree of impairment is worse in schizophrenia than in bipolar disorder and psychotic major depression, but the profile of impairment is similar, possibly reflecting common mechanisms at the neural level. Given the recent release of the DSM-5, we end with a brief discussion on assessing cognition in the context of diagnosis and treatment planning in psychotic disorders.

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Section: Working Memory In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: common mechanisms and measurement

2014

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“…In fact, these disturbances cannot be fully explained by clinical factors, such as duration of illness, antipsychotic medication or symptom profile. 5 Physiologically, this cognitive deficit is thought to reflect at least partly early deficits in the activation of the prefrontal network. 6,7 However, discordant functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were reported in this respect mainly owing to the variability of the experimental designs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-related potentials and changes of brain rhythm oscillations during working memory activation in patients with first-episode psychosis

Missonnier

Herrmann

Zanello

et al. 2012

J Psychiatry Neurosci

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Background: Earlier contributions have documented significant changes in sensory, attention-related endogenous event-related potential (ERP) components and theta band oscillatory responses during working memory activation in patients with schizophrenia. In patients with first-episode psychosis, such studies are still scarce and mostly focused on auditory sensory processing. The present study aimed to explore whether subtle deficits of cortical activation are present in these patients before the decline of working memory performance. Methods: We assessed exogenous and endogenous ERPs and frontal theta event-related synchronization (ERS) in patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls who successfully performed an adapted 2-back working memory task, including 2 visual n-backworking memory tasks as well as oddball detection and passive fixation tasks. Results: We included 15 patients with first-episode psychosis and 18 controls in this study. Compared with controls, patients with first-episode psychosis displayed increased latencies of early visual ERPs and phasic theta ERS culmination peak in all conditions. However, they also showed a rapid recruitment of working memory-related neural generators, even in pure attention tasks, as indicated by the decreased N200 latency and increased amplitude of sustained theta ERS in detection compared with controls. Limitations: Owing to the limited sample size, no distinction was made between patients with first-episode psychosis with positive and negative symptoms. Although we controlled for the global load of neuroleptics, medication effect cannot be totally ruled out. Conclusion: The present findings support the concept of a blunted electroencephalographic response in patients with first-episode psychosis who recruit the maximum neural generators in simple attention conditions without being able to modulate their brain activation with increased complexity of working memory tasks

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“…Like negative symptoms, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are not effectively treated with antipsychotic medication [36][37][38]. As one of the identified cognitive deficits of schizophrenia, working memory [39] has been connected with altered DLPFC activity in schizophrenia [40][41][42] in neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies. Targeted rTMS to DLPFC has been found to improve working memory function in healthy subjects when applied bilaterally [43] and to the right DLPFC [44].…”

Section: Negative and Cognitive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%