Working in Higher Education in France Today: A Specific Challenge for Women

Abstract

By 2017, French higher education had undergone a dramatic restructuration following the Bologna process twenty years earlier which impact all the European universities (Rüegg, 2010), and the implementation of the French LRU in 2007(Stavrou, 2017. Some studies examined this new model's effect on university academics through international or european comparative approaches (Musselin, 2008 ; Tiechler, Höhle, 2013). A decade after the French LRU, our particular focus concerns the activity of women with children like in others organizations (Bercot, 2014). The associate professors have to overcome in a very competitive context where the time management is a real challenge as the 3 coordinators at different levels in the faculty point it out. At first, an extensive survey (1409 returned questionnaires) shows that women are significantly more concern than men by these contraints. Then, in a qualitative approach, some 28 biographical interviews identify the different strategies women find.

Gender Disparity And Women Leadership In Educational Institutions

“…According to her, gender also refers to the behavior attitude and characteristics for man and women. According to the Williams, (2004), which referred world health organization (WHO), sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics which define masculine and feminine whereas gender is referred to socially assembled and erected responsibilities and roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a particular society set fit for men and women, (Devineau, Couvry, Feliu, & Renard, 2018). Gender inequality or disparity is referred to masculine and feminine are not equal, (Cubillo, 2003;Asya, 2007;Rostron, 2009).…”

Gender Disparity And Women Leadership In Educational Institutions

“…According to the Williams, ( 2004), which referred world health organization (WHO), sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics which define masculine and feminine whereas gender is referred to socially assembled and erected responsibilities and roles, behaviors, activities and attributes that a particular society set fit for men and women, (Devineau, Couvry, Feliu, & Renard, 2018). Gender inequality or disparity is referred to masculine and feminine are not equal, (Cubillo, 2003;Asya, 2007;Rostron, 2009).…”

“…Gender affects ones' actual involvement. Such differences arise from variation in biology, psychology and cultural norms, ( (Funk, 2004;Devineau, Couvry, Feliu, & Renard, 2018). The biological study suggested that the natural differences exist between the sexes based on such factors, mostly on their reproductive roles.…”

“…The biological study suggested that the natural differences exist between the sexes based on such factors, mostly on their reproductive roles. It further suggested that related to physical strengths the sexes also differ, whereas the extent of differences are unpredictable, (Devineau, Couvry, Feliu, & Renard, 2018). The study of human psychology suggests that, from their birth, the feminine and the masculine are exposed differently and have different environments during the journey of their entire life, the both male and female are treated differently and have different path until they become able to make choices by their own which deciders, sociologically are differentiated for their social responsibilities known as gender, (Devineau, Couvry, Feliu, & Renard, 2018).…”

“…The research studies depict that the world is a man dominated (Madhani, 2007) to make decisions for both genders. Even in the closer relationships, the gender equality is under discussion, wherein the authority lies in the hands of the male, (Devineau, Couvry, Feliu, & Renard, 2018). According to Sen & Mukherjee, (2014), the millennium Development Goal three which was about the gender equality and empowerment and the fourth is about the elimination of gender disparity in educational system, the dead line set for achieving those millennium goals was up to 2015.…”