Working for a dream and living for the future: Leisure constraints and negotiation strategies among Chinese international graduate students

Expanding Travel Constraint Negotiation Theory: An Exploration of Cognitive and Behavioral Constraint Negotiation Relationships

“…Behavioral negotiation strategies, mentioned by participants, highly coincided with the literature (e.g., Gao and Kerstetter 2016;Jackson and Rucks 1995;Li and Stodolska 2007). Participants used negotiation strategies during travel decision making, planning, and while traveling as well as in areas of their life not directly linked to travel.…”

“…For example, Jackson and Rucks (1995) analyzed students' leisure constraints using a qualitative approach and came to the conclusion that cognitive negotiation (e.g., pushing oneself and ignoring obstacles) was less common than behavioral negotiation (e.g., active skill development). This observation was later challenged in a qualitative study by Li and Stodolska (2007), who concluded cognitive negotiation (e.g., focusing on the positive of a situation, and changing the perception of a constraint from permanent to temporary) can exceed behavioral strategies. To date, quantitative studies testing relationships between constraints and a range of both behavioral and cognitive negotiation strategies to resolve this dispute are missing.…”

“…For example, financial constraints can be negotiated by travel-related strategies such as spending less while traveling or life changes such as working part-time to earn extra money for traveling (Kimmm 2012). Yet, this distinction of behavioral negotiation in travel and nontravel aspects of life, based on leisure studies (e.g., Jackson, Crawford, and Godbey 1993;Jackson and Rucks 1995;Li and Stodolska 2007), has been rarely tested in a tourism context.…”

How Chinese female migrants in South Korea overcome constraints to participate in leisure activities

“…For example, people who played contract bridge card games utilized three negotiation strategies to increase leisure participation, including the acquisition of information for leisure participation, changing the schedule of games to facilitate leisure and skill development for increasing participation in advanced play (Scott, 1991). There is also other empirical evidence supporting a direct path from leisure constraint negotiation to leisure participation among Chinese migrants (Li and Stodolska, 2007;Zou and Scott, 2018). Zou and Scott (2018) showed that Chinese-American women who participated in basketball employed four negotiation strategies to continue playing basketball, namely: Honing skills, passing as a man (e.g., wearing baggy or loose clothing), developing allies and organizing co-ethnic games.…”

Leisure and China in the global context: Introduction to the special issue

“…Research on leisure behavior among Chinese immigrants and students is quite extensive and examines a large number of subjects. They include, among others, leisure participation patterns (e.g., Walker, Halpenny, Spiers, et al, 2011;Zhang & Gobster, 1998), leisure motivations (e.g., Walker, 2009Walker, , 2010Walker et al, 2001), leisure constraints (e.g., Hudson et al, 2013;Li & Stodolska, 2007), satisfaction with leisure activities Walker, Halpenny, Spiers, et al, 2011), leisure attitudes (Deng et al, 2005), leisure and health (Chick et al, 2014), and leisure happiness and quality of life (Spiers & Walker, 2008). The topics that have been relatively less explored include leisure behavior among Chinese transnational split families (Huang & Yeoh, 2005), leisure among Chinese expatriate entrepreneurs, and cultural changes related to leisure among the second-and third-generation Chinese immigrants .…”