“…For instance, there is a significant relationship between these variables (Adams & Hardwick, 1998). Accordingly, lowly leveraged companies tend to make larger donations than highly leveraged companies (Adams & Hardwick, 1998) as the low-leverage companies have less risk that would allow them to respond quickly to others (Kubick, Lynch, Mayberry, & Omer, 2015;Hassan et al, 2022;ISHII, 2022;Blenman et al, 2022). Accordingly, debt has a negative relation with CSR because firms with a high debt ratio are incapable of implementing the activities (Mao, 2019) such as corporate sponsorship.…”