Working Age Population and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia:

Abstract

An increase in the working age population causes an increase in consumption which in turn will have an impact on increasing CO? emissions. The household is an element that must be responsible for increasing emissions of greenhouse gases because of their fossil fuels consumption. This study aims to observe the relationship of the working age population and the CO? emissions in households. This study use data from National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 2019 with households consuming gasoline / diesel / kerosene for transportation, and LPG / kerosene for cooking as a unit of analysis. Apart from working age population as the main independent variable, socioeconomic characteristics (household size, income, residential area, poverty, age, sex, education, employment status, and access to modern fuels) are also used as control variables. Multiple regression analysis was used in this study. The results show that the working age population variable is positively correlated to total CO? emissions, transportation-related emissions, and cooking fuels emissions. Respectively, households dominated by members of working age (15-64 years) emitted 8.7%, 12.7%, 3.2% higher than households dominated by non working age (0-14 years and/or 65+ years). Providing sustainable transport system can be the best solution to reduce CO? emissions.

The driving factors behind urban communities’ carbon emissions in the selected urban villages of Jakarta, Indonesia

“…Although in the current study, age group does not correlate with significant differences in total carbon emissions, the young adult and middle-aged group's (25-59 years) carbon emissions were greater than those of the younger age group (13-24 years) and the elderly group (65-74 years). This finding is consistent with a study in the Indonesian working age population that demonstrated that productive age groups (15-59 years) produced higher total carbon emissions than the non-productive age groups (0-15 years and over 65 years) [3]. The current study's finding seems to contradict with other study in the urban household at Yangtze River Delta, China, which showed that carbon emissions will increase slightly as people get older [47].…”

“…Fourth, the selection of two study areas by purposive sampling who have the highest level of air pollution in Jakarta [11] can not generalize and represent the study results at Jakarta and Indonesia levels. However, characteristic of Indonesian communities carbon emissions in the current study was almost similar with Indonesian National Economic Survey (SUSENAS) [3], i.e. transportation sector affected the community carbon emissions.…”

“…increasing environmentally friendly awareness by government with their policy and programs to mitigate carbon emissions and global warming ( [13]. Some studies explored the association human lifestyle at urban city and carbon emissions in developing countries such as Japan, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia [2][3][4][5][6]. Change in lifestyle covering housing, food, and mobility reduced carbon footprints in Japan communities [2].…”

“…Change in lifestyle covering housing, food, and mobility reduced carbon footprints in Japan communities [2]. Transportation-related emissions and cooking fuels emissions were the biggest contributor of carbon emissions in Indonesia [3]. Electricity consumption and transport are the largest contributors to the total carbon emissions in developing countries [4].…”

“…A study conducted by the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR) in 2010, employed a carbon footprint calculator tool revealed that urban patterns, lifestyles, and energy consumption contribute to carbon emissions [1]. However, until recently, only few studies have explored the role of urban behavioral patterns or lifestyle on the total expenditure of carbon emissions mainly in the developing countries such as Japan, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia [2][3][4][5][6]. The limitation of five previous studies were did not analyze the relationship between climate change and carbon emissions knowledge and urban human communities' carbon emissions.…”