Worker Size, Geographical Distribution, and Introgressive Hybridization of Invasive Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Tennessee
“…Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi [59] and between Reticulitermes flaviceps and Reticulitermes chinensis [43]. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta, black imported fire ant Solenopsis richteri and their hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri) are present in the field in Tennessee, USA [60]. The studied T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp.…”
The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus–Thitarodes/Hepialus larva complex, is a valuable biological resource endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Protection of the Plateau environment and huge market demand make it necessary to culture this complex in an artificial system. A method for the large-scale artificial rearing of the Thitarodes/Hepialus insect host has been established. However, the deterioration of the insect rearing population and low mummification of the infected larvae by the fungus constrain effective commercial cultivation. Hybridization of Thitarodes/Hepialus populations may be needed to overcome this problem. The species T. shambalaensis (GG♂ × GG♀) and an undescribed Thitarodes species (SD♂ × SD♀) were inbred or hybridized to evaluate the biological parameters, larval sensitivity to the fungal infection and mitochondrial genomes of the resulting populations. The two parental Thitarodes species exhibited significant differences in adult fresh weights and body lengths but not in pupal emergence rates. Hybridization of T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. allowed producing a new generation. The SD♂ × GG♀ population showed a higher population trend index than the SD♂ × SD♀ population, implying increased population growth compared with the male parent. The sensitivity of the inbred larval populations to four fungal isolates of O. sinensis also differed. This provides possibilities to create Thitarodes/Hepialus populations with increased growth potential for the improved artificial production of the insect hosts. The mitochondrial genomes of GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀ were 15,612 bp, 15,389 bp and 15,496 bp in length, with an A + T content of 80.92%, 82.35% and 80.87%, respectively. The A + T-rich region contains 787 bp with two 114 bp repetitive sequences, 554 bp without repetitive sequences and 673 bp without repetitive sequences in GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀, respectively. The hybrid population (SD♂ × GG♀) was located in the same clade with GG♂ × GG♀, based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by 13 PCGs, implying the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.
“…Coptotermes formosanus and Coptotermes gestroi [59] and between Reticulitermes flaviceps and Reticulitermes chinensis [43]. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta, black imported fire ant Solenopsis richteri and their hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri) are present in the field in Tennessee, USA [60]. The studied T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp.…”
The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus–Thitarodes/Hepialus larva complex, is a valuable biological resource endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Protection of the Plateau environment and huge market demand make it necessary to culture this complex in an artificial system. A method for the large-scale artificial rearing of the Thitarodes/Hepialus insect host has been established. However, the deterioration of the insect rearing population and low mummification of the infected larvae by the fungus constrain effective commercial cultivation. Hybridization of Thitarodes/Hepialus populations may be needed to overcome this problem. The species T. shambalaensis (GG♂ × GG♀) and an undescribed Thitarodes species (SD♂ × SD♀) were inbred or hybridized to evaluate the biological parameters, larval sensitivity to the fungal infection and mitochondrial genomes of the resulting populations. The two parental Thitarodes species exhibited significant differences in adult fresh weights and body lengths but not in pupal emergence rates. Hybridization of T. shambalaensis and Thitarodes sp. allowed producing a new generation. The SD♂ × GG♀ population showed a higher population trend index than the SD♂ × SD♀ population, implying increased population growth compared with the male parent. The sensitivity of the inbred larval populations to four fungal isolates of O. sinensis also differed. This provides possibilities to create Thitarodes/Hepialus populations with increased growth potential for the improved artificial production of the insect hosts. The mitochondrial genomes of GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀ were 15,612 bp, 15,389 bp and 15,496 bp in length, with an A + T content of 80.92%, 82.35% and 80.87%, respectively. The A + T-rich region contains 787 bp with two 114 bp repetitive sequences, 554 bp without repetitive sequences and 673 bp without repetitive sequences in GG♂ × GG♀, SD♂ × SD♀ and SD♂ × GG♀, respectively. The hybrid population (SD♂ × GG♀) was located in the same clade with GG♂ × GG♀, based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by 13 PCGs, implying the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.
“…Based on results from a recent paper by Pandey et al [19] on the distribution and hybridization of S. invicta and S. richteri in Tennessee, S. richteri populations were observed only in the western portion of the state from the northern border of Mississippi to near the southwestern border of Kentucky. According to Pandey et al [19], populations of S. invicta only comprised 2.3% of imported fire ants found during a survey done in Tennessee from 2004-2005, and colonies were only found in a few sites in the central and eastern parts of the state, mostly in metropolitan areas. Populations of the hybrid form were found to be widespread across the entire southern half of the state [19].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…According to Pandey et al [19], populations of S. invicta only comprised 2.3% of imported fire ants found during a survey done in Tennessee from 2004-2005, and colonies were only found in a few sites in the central and eastern parts of the state, mostly in metropolitan areas. Populations of the hybrid form were found to be widespread across the entire southern half of the state [19].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus far, populations of S. richteri collected in Kentucky have only been found in the southwestern region directly north of a line following the distribution of this species from Mississippi through west and central Tennessee [19]. Similarly, localities where the hybrid form has been recently found in eastern Kentucky are directly north of the region in eastern Tennessee where hybrid fire ants have become widespread [19].…”
Since their introduction into the United States in the early 1900′s, imported fire ants, namely Solenopsis invicta Buren (Red Imported Fire Ant), S. richteri Forel (Black Imported Fire Ant), and their hybrid form Solenopsis invicta X richteri have spread throughout portions of the USA, especially in the southeastern region. Imported fire ants are a serious invasive and economically significant species in the USA and elsewhere, and their spread into new parts of the country is of great concern. Although early models predicted that the fire ants would not be able to survive very far north into the USA, these ants have nonetheless successfully continued their spread into higher latitudes. Based on Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) samples, the Mississippi Entomological Museum Invasive Insect Screening Center, at Mississippi State University, has verified the presence of imported fire ants collected in Kentucky at multiple locations from 2014 to 2022.
“…Solenopsis invicta Buren, a predatory ant species in the subfamily Myrmicinae, is distributed mainly throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, China, India, Africa, Pacific islands (Pandey et al, 2019;Kruse et al, 2020). The venom of S.invicta has also been the focus of a series of studies (Chen et al, 2019;Eliyahu et al, 2011;Hoffman et al, 1988;Kruse et al, 2020).…”
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