“…Since 1874, Bernard (Yu et al, 2022) pioneered the exploration of SFRC by attempting to enhance the tensile strength of plain concrete using steel splinters. Subsequent to this early effort, numerous scholars have extensively investigated various facets of SFRC, covering aspects such as workability (Memon et al, 2023; Yogesh et al, 2023), mechanical properties (Song and Hwang, 2004; Zhao et al, 2023), durability (Su et al, 2023; Zhang et al, 2019), fatigue resistance (da Silva et al, 2022; Koorikkattil et al, 2023) and disaster resistance (Nematzadeh et al, 2021). Concurrently, researchers have proposed innovative shape designs for steel fibers to reinforce materials (Rezakhani et al, 2021; Wu et al, 2016, 2019) and suggested the use of a magnetic field to align fibers during casting (Hajforoush et al, 2020).…”