“…In addition to studying both internal and external turnover, we also examined a 'higher' and final level of withdrawal, namely, withdrawal from the profession or occupation altogether. Such an extreme manifestation of withdrawal is of serious concern in many communities due to the high turnover in the nursing profession, the ever-present nursing shortage, and the high costs involved in recruiting and filling vacant positions (Hinshaw, Smeltzer and Atwood, 1987;Bergman, Shavitt, Melamed and Ditzian, 1975). Organizational researchers have shown little interest in withdrawal from a professional field and studies that have discussed the issue dealt with it as a discrete behavior rather than within a wider context of progression context as proposed here (Fimian, Fastenau and Thomas, 1988;Lane, Mathews and Presholdt, 1988).…”