“…Therefore, we argue that a change to a CE may shift both the skills demand and the skills supply due to changes in consumption patterns and production processes. To date, little is known about employment in the CE although few papers have tried to quantify the effects of several circular strategies on the workforce (Burger et al, 2019) or more specifically on the social economy (Van Opstal and Borms, 2022). Laubinger et al (2020) analysed that there will be four directions of effects on employment: there will be job creation for those sectors and activites that are stimulated in the development of new circular business models and increased resource efficiency.…”