“…As shown in Figs 1 and 2, the specimens exhibit a certain strain-rate sensitivity. To explore the influence of the strain rate on the flow stress on specimens, a sensitivity parameter (β) of the strain rate is introduced to quantify the strain-rate strengthening effect at the given temperature, which is defined as follows [16][17] :…”
The compression test was conducted on 9Cr18Mo stainless steel by using the UTM5305 universal testing machine and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device. In this way, the stress–strain curves pertaining to quasi-static (strain rate of 0.001 ~ 0.1 s-1) and dynamic (temperature range of 25 ~ 650 ℃ and strain rate of 800 ~ 4,000 s-1) states were attained. According to the stress–strain curves, the rheological behaviours of 9Cr18Mo stainless steel at high temperature and high strain rate were discussed. Based on the test data, the parameters of two constitutive models (Johnson-Cook (J-C) and Power-Law (P-L)) for 9Cr18Mo stainless steel were identified and the correlation coefficients (R) and average absolute relative errors (AAREs) of the two constitutive models were compared. The results showed that 9Cr18Mo stainless steel presents strain-rate sensitivity and significant thermal softening, that is, the flow stress on 9Cr18Mo stainless steel increases with strain rate while significantly reduces with increasing temperature. The R values are 0.9697 and 0.9896 and the AAREs of two constitutive models are 2.77% and 1.85%, respectively. Hence, the P-L constitutive model shows a higher prediction accuracy compared with the J-C constitutive model and can better describe the rheological behaviours of 9Cr18Mo stainless steel at high temperature and high strain rate.
“…As shown in Figs 1 and 2, the specimens exhibit a certain strain-rate sensitivity. To explore the influence of the strain rate on the flow stress on specimens, a sensitivity parameter (β) of the strain rate is introduced to quantify the strain-rate strengthening effect at the given temperature, which is defined as follows [16][17] :…”
The compression test was conducted on 9Cr18Mo stainless steel by using the UTM5305 universal testing machine and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device. In this way, the stress–strain curves pertaining to quasi-static (strain rate of 0.001 ~ 0.1 s-1) and dynamic (temperature range of 25 ~ 650 ℃ and strain rate of 800 ~ 4,000 s-1) states were attained. According to the stress–strain curves, the rheological behaviours of 9Cr18Mo stainless steel at high temperature and high strain rate were discussed. Based on the test data, the parameters of two constitutive models (Johnson-Cook (J-C) and Power-Law (P-L)) for 9Cr18Mo stainless steel were identified and the correlation coefficients (R) and average absolute relative errors (AAREs) of the two constitutive models were compared. The results showed that 9Cr18Mo stainless steel presents strain-rate sensitivity and significant thermal softening, that is, the flow stress on 9Cr18Mo stainless steel increases with strain rate while significantly reduces with increasing temperature. The R values are 0.9697 and 0.9896 and the AAREs of two constitutive models are 2.77% and 1.85%, respectively. Hence, the P-L constitutive model shows a higher prediction accuracy compared with the J-C constitutive model and can better describe the rheological behaviours of 9Cr18Mo stainless steel at high temperature and high strain rate.
“…According to the literature, the α' phase commonly associated with the extreme temperature change is usually observed in the SLM build Ti-6Al-4V [1,8,17]. The α phase, on the other hand, is associated with an isothermal cooling condition [2,10,17,31] and is commonly observed in the EBM build Ti-6Al-4V. Therefore, it is believed that that the minority phase present in the SLM build sample might be α' phase.…”
Section: Microstructures Of the Build Materialsmentioning
The effect of electron-beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM) processes on the chemical composition, phase composition, density, microstructure, and microhardness of as-built Ti55511 blocks were evaluated and compared. The work also aimed to understand how each process setting affects the powder characteristics after processing. Experiments have shown that both methods can process Ti55511 successfully and can build parts with almost full density (>99%) without any internal cracks or delamination. It was observed that the SLM build sample can retain the phase composition of the initial powder, while EBM displayed significant phase changes. After the EBM process, a considerable amount of α Ti-phase and lamella-like microstructures were found in the EBM build sample and corresponding powder left in the build chamber. Both processes showed a similar effect on the variation of powder morphology after the process. Despite the apparent difference in alloying composition, the EBM build Ti55511 sample showed similar microhardness as EBM build Ti-6Al-4V. Measured microhardness of the EBM build sample is approximately 10% higher than the SLM build, and it measured as 348 ± 30.20 HV.
“…Liang et al [ 21 ] found that the recrystallized volume fraction of Ti-55511 alloy could be quantified as the net softening effect of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) over dynamic recovery mechanisms during hot deformation. Nan et al [ 22 ] pointed out that the influence of strain rate on DRX evolution was the major factor to determine strain-rate sensitivity. However, the findings of Liang et al and Nan et al are derived from low-strain-rate loading conditions (<50 s −1 ).…”
To study the microstructural evolution in high-strain-rate shear deformation of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe (Ti-55511) alloy, a series of forced shear tests of hat-shaped specimens have been conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar combined with the “strain-frozen” technique. A localized shear band is induced in Ti-55511 alloy in these tests. The experimental results demonstrate that the flow stress in hat-shaped specimens remains constant (about 600 MPa) and is independent of punching depth. The width of the adiabatic shear band increases with increasing punching depth and tends to saturate at 30 μm, and the estimation of the adiabatic shear band (ASB) width in hat-shaped (HS) specimens has been modified. Relying on the experimental results, thermal softening has a minor effect on the onset of the adiabatic shear band and dynamic recrystallization formation, and the nucleation mechanism for dynamic recrystallization is strain-induced boundary migration and subgrain rotation and coalescence. In addition, we suggest the concept of adhesive fracture as the dynamic failure mechanism for Ti-55511 alloy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.