“…To read and comprehend partitions the reading process along the simple view of reading (Hoover & Gough, 1990) that represents comprehension as the product of decoding plus linguistic comprehension. Reading texts proficiently suggests to us that necessary foundational fluency competencies must be in place that enables readers to focus their cognitive resources on creating meaning from the text (McCormick & Samuels, 1979;Perfetti & Hogaboam, 1975;Samuels & Farstrup, 2006). This suggests that there is a reciprocal relationship between fluency and comprehension while fluency has been repeatedly shown to be a necessary condition for effective comprehension (Paige, 2011a;Fuchs, Fuchs, Hosp, & Jenkins, 2001;Jenkins, Fuchs, Espin, van den Broek, & Deno, 2003a, 2003bKuhn & Stall, 2003;Pinnell, Pikulski, Wixon, Campbell, Gough, & Beatty, 1995;Schatschneider, Buck, Torgesen, Wagner, Hassler, Hecht et al, 2004;Stecker, Roser, & Martinez, 1998;Young, Bowers, & MacKinnon, 1996).…”