Word frequency and the pronunciation task: The contribution of articulatory fluency

Savage, Greg; Bradley, Dianne; Forster, Kenneth I.

doi:10.1080/01690969008402105

Cited by 49 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…On recognizing the cue, the participant can retrieve and execute this motor program. Any remaining effect of frequency, then, has to be attributed to the stage of response execution (however, see McRae, Jared, & Seidenberg, 1990;Monsell, Doyle, & Haggard, 1989;Savage, Bradley, & Forster, 1990). In Experiment 3 we investigated the contribution of articulatory processes to the effect obtained in Experiment 1, by using a delayed naming task.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiment 7 was a control for material-dependent articulatory frequency effects (cf. Monsell et al, 1989;Savage et al, 1990). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Experiment 3 we investigated the contribution of articulatory processes to the effect obtained in Experiment 1, by using a delayed naming task. To ensure that our participants fully prepared the utterance at cue onset, we used only long cue delays, ranging from 1,000 to 1,600 ms (see Savage et al, 1990, for relevant arguments). In Experiment 3, the picture names rather than the pictures themselves were used to elicit responses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form.

Jescheniak

Levelt

1994

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

716

818

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In 7 experiments the authors investigated the locus of word frequency effects in speech production. Experiment 1 demonstrated a frequency effect in picture naming that was robust over repetitions. Experiments 2, 3, and 7 excluded contributions from object identification and initiation of articulation. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated whether the effect arises in accessing the syntactic word (lemma) by using a grammatical gender decision task. Although a frequency effect was found, it dissipated under repeated access to a word's gender. Experiment 6 tested whether the robust frequency effect arises in accessing the phonological form (lexeme) by having Ss translate words that produced homophones. Low-frequent homophones behaved like high-frequent controls, inheriting the accessing speed of their high-frequent homophone twins. Because homophones share the lexeme, not the lemma, this suggests a lexeme-level origin of the robust effect.The word frequency effect in speech production was discovered by Oldfield and Wingficld (1965). In a picture-naming task, they found that pictures with low-frequency (LF) names (such as syringe) took longer to name than pictures with high-frequency (HF) names (such as basket). Wingfield (1968) established this effect as a genuinely lexical one. The effect was not due to differential speeds of object recognition but to naming itself.In this research, we consider the word frequency effect in light of recent models of lexical access in speech production. In particular, we consider whether the frequency effect arises early, in selecting the semantically appropriate lexical item, or late, in the retrieval of the item's form information.The article is organized as follows. We begin by sketching a model of the production lexicon. Against the background of this model, we then derive hypotheses about the potential loci of frequency effects from data in the literature on picture naming, hesitations in spontaneous speech, and speech errors. Finally, we turn to the core of this article, an experimental investigation of these hypotheses.In seven experiments, we analyze whether the frequency effect is due to either conceptualization or articulation (it is neither), whether it arises at the early, so-called lemma level (there is a frequency effect there, but it turns out not to be the frequency effect), or whether it originates at the late word form, or lexeme level (it does). Jorg D. Jescheniak and Willem J. M. Levelt, Max-Planck-Institut fiir Psycholinguistik, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.We wish to thank Ger Desserjer, Hans Franssen, and Johan Weustink for invaluable technical assistance and Monika Baumann, Jean Fox Tree, Antje Meyer, Paul Meyer, Thomas Pechmann, Ardi Roelofs, Herbert Schriefers, Linda Wheeldon and four reviewers for helpful comments and discussions.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jorg D. Jescheniak, who is now at Institut fiir Psychologic FB12, Freie Universitat Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Electronic mail may be sent to jo...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiment 7 was a control for material-dependent articulatory frequency effects (cf. Monsell et al, 1989;Savage et al, 1990). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form.

Jescheniak

Levelt

1994

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

716

818

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies that have used the delayed naming task have shown that the frequency effect disappears with delays longer than 800 ms (Jescheniak & Levelt, 1994;Savage, Bradley, & Forster, 1990; but see Goldinger, Azuma, Abramson, & Jain, 1997). On the basis of these studies we expected a frequency effect of the target pictures in the immediate but not in the delayed naming condition.…”

Section: The Response Exclusion Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic interference in a delayed naming task: Evidence for the response exclusion hypothesis.

Janssen¹,

Schirm²,

Mahon³

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

157

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In 2 experiments participants named pictures of common objects with superimposed distractor words. In one naming condition, the pictures and words were presented simultaneously on every trial, and participants produced the target response immediately. In the other naming condition, the presentation of the picture preceded the presentation of the distractor by 1,000 ms, and participants delayed production of their naming response until distractor word presentation. Within each naming condition, the distractor words were either semantic category coordinates of the target pictures or unrelated. Orthogonal to this manipulation of semantic relatedness, the frequency of the pictures' names was manipulated. The authors observed semantic interference effects in both the immediate and delayed naming conditions but a frequency effect only in the immediate naming condition. These data indicate that semantic interference can be observed when target picture naming latencies do not reflect the bottleneck at the level of lexical selection. In the context of other findings from the picture-word interference paradigm, the authors interpret these data as supporting the view that the semantic interference effect arises at a postlexical level of processing.Keywords semantic interference effect; lexical selection by competition; picture-word interference; delayed naming; response exclusion hypothesis A central question in language production research concerns the dynamical principles that govern the mechanism responsible for retrieving words from the mental lexicon. A widespread assumption in language production models is that lexical selection is a competitive process (e.g., La Heij, 1988;Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999;Roelofs, 2003). The hypothesis of lexical selection by competition proposes that the time it takes to select a NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript target word increases as the levels of activation of nontarget words increase. The primary source of empirical evidence cited in support of lexical selection by competition is the semantic interference effect (e.g., Lupker, 1979;Rosinski, 1977): Naming a picture of an object (e.g., CAR) is slower in the context of a semantic category coordinate distractor word (e.g., truck) compared to an unrelated distractor word (e.g., An alternative to lexical selection by competition is the view that the highest activated lexical node is selected, without regard to the levels of activation of nontarget lexical nodes (e.g., Caramazza, 1997;Dell, 1986;Stemberger, 1985). 2 If one adopted such a model of lexical selection then the range of semantic facilitation effects that have been reported in the literature would follow as a natural consequence (Costa et al., 2005;Finkbeiner & Caramazza, 2006;Mahon et al., 2007). Specifically, such semantic facilitation effects would arise as a result of semantic priming between distractor words and target pictures. However, if one assumed that the semantic facilitation effects arise during lexical selecti...

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“…The interference account then predicts that the bilingual disadvantage should be modulated by frequency only if frequency effects arise at the same locus as betweenlanguage competition. There has been some debate in the literature regarding the locus of the frequency effect in models of language production (for a similar debate in research on word recognition see Balota & Chumbley, 1985 for a similar debate in research on word recognition see Balota & Chumbley, 1990;Savage, Bradley, & Forster, 1990). Some have argued that frequency effects arise during phonological encoding, but that frequency specifically does not influence lexical selection at the point where there is competition between semantically related candidates (Harley & Bown, 1998;Jescheniak & Levelt, 1994;Levelt, et al, 1999; Santesteban, Costa, Pontin, & Navarrete, 2006).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis☆

Gollan

Montoya

Cera

et al. 2008

Journal of Memory and Language

588

676

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The "weaker links" hypothesis proposes that bilinguals are disadvantaged relative to monolinguals on speaking tasks because they divide frequency-of-use between two languages. To test this proposal we contrasted the effects of increased word use associated with monolingualism, language dominance, and increased age on picture naming times. In two experiments, younger and older bilinguals and monolinguals named pictures with high-or low-frequency names in English and (if bilingual) also in Spanish. In Experiment 1, slowing related to bilingualism and language dominance was greater for producing low-than high-frequency names. In Experiment 2, slowing related to aging was greater for producing low-frequency names in the dominant language, but when speaking the nondominant language, increased age attenuated frequency effects and age-related slowing was limited exclusively to high-frequency names. These results challenge competition based accounts of bilingual disadvantages in language production, and illustrate how between-group processing differences may emerge from cognitive mechanisms general to all speakers. KeywordsSpanish; aging; bilingualism; frequency effect; picture naming In trying to find the words we need to express our thoughts, it is much easier to retrieve and say the names of things that we talk about very often (e.g., cups) than the names of things that we don't talk about as often (e.g., carafes). Although nobody will argue with this point, there has been some debate with respect to the precise mechanism of frequency effects in language processing models (e.g., Murray & Forster, 2004), and whether frequency itself -or one of many variables that are correlated with frequency (e.g., AoA, length) -determines what makes frequently used words easier to access than infrequently used words (e.g., Gernsbacher, 1984). People who regularly speak more than one language provide a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between frequency of use and lexical accessibility.Bilinguals know roughly twice as many words as monolinguals (assuming bilinguals know a word in each language for most lexicalized concepts). Despite the approximately doubled load, bilinguals seem to effortlessly use the right word in the right context, and can even switch back Please address editorial comments to: Tamar H. Gollan, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0949, La Jolla, CA 92093-0949, fax: 858-622-1017, e-mail: tgollan@ucsd.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. and forth between languages with little obvious cost....

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Word frequency and the pronunciation task: The contribution of articulatory fluency

Cited by 49 publications

References 19 publications

Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form.

Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form.

Semantic interference in a delayed naming task: Evidence for the response exclusion hypothesis.

More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis☆

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