Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines

Bølling, Anette Kocbach; Totlandsdal, Annike I.; Sällsten, Gerd; Braun, Artur; Westerholm, Roger; Bergvall, Christoffer; Boman, Johan; Dahlman, Hans Jørgen; Sehlstedt, Maria; Cassee, Flemming R.; Sandström, Thomas; Schwarze, Per E.; Herseth, Jan Inge

doi:10.1186/1743-8977-9-45

Cited by 80 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…It is also possible that other components of combustion-related PM contribute to the observed health impacts, with BC acting as a surrogate for their levels. In vitro studies indicate possible toxicity of certain organic constituents in PM from biomass combustion and suggest that BC may be a carrier of these compounds for uptake into macrophages and epithelial cells (36,38). BC may be operating as an indicator for a larger category of primary combustion particles with varying toxicity to humans, which, in addition to BC, could include metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, any of which could act individually or in combination to increase blood pressure (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Baumgartner

Zhang

Schauer

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

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Air pollution in China and other parts of Asia poses large health risks and is an important contributor to global climate change. Almost half of Chinese homes use biomass and coal fuels for cooking and heating. China's economic growth and infrastructure development has led to increased emissions from coal-fired power plants and an expanding fleet of motor vehicles. Black carbon (BC) from incomplete biomass and fossil fuel combustion is the most strongly light-absorbing component of particulate matter (PM) air pollution and the second most important climate-forcing human emission. PM composition and sources may also be related to its human health impact. We enrolled 280 women living in a rural area of northwestern Yunnan where biomass fuels are commonly used. We measured their blood pressure, distance from major traffic routes, and daily exposure to BC (pyrolytic biomass combustion), water-soluble organic aerosol (organic aerosol from biomass combustion), and, in a subset, hopane markers (motor vehicle emissions) in winter and summer. BC had the strongest association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (4.3 mmHg; P < 0.001), followed by PM mass and water-soluble organic mass. The effect of BC on SBP was almost three times greater in women living near the highway [6.2 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.6 to 8.9 vs. 2.6 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.1 to 5.2]. Our findings suggest that BC from combustion emissions is more strongly associated with blood pressure than PM mass, and that BC's health effects may be larger among women living near a highway and with greater exposure to motor vehicle emissions. cardiovascular disease | household air pollution | solid fuels P articulate matter (PM) air pollution is a leading health risk factor (1) and primary contributor to anthropogenic climate change (2). Air pollution is notoriously high in China and other parts of Asia. China's rising energy demands have led to increased air pollution emissions from coal-fired power plants (3). Its motorized transport growth is the fastest in the world with the number of motor vehicles projected to quadruple in the next two decades, reaching over 380 million by 2030 (4). Meanwhile, nearly half of all Chinese still cook and heat their homes with highly polluting biomass and coal fuels (5). The resulting PM concentrations routinely exceed the World Health Organization's (WHO) annual Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m 3 by a factor of 10 or more (6) and are associated with a number of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular diseases (1, 7).PM differs in chemical properties, size, and possibly effects on human health. Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon PM are emitted during incomplete biomass and fossil fuel combustion and seem to have important effects on both climate and human health. BC affects the regional and global climate by absorbing solar radiation and heating the atmosphere and is the second most important climate-forcing human emission, after carbon dioxide (8). Coemitted organic carbon may further influence radiative forcing by ac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Baumgartner

Zhang

Schauer

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

174

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“…For example, Zelikoff et al (2002) noted a diminished immunotoxic response due to inhaled woodsmoke effluent in rats following exposure to effluent having the PM phase removed, and PM derived from different combustion conditions has been shown to induce differential proinflammatory responses (Jalava et al, 2010;Danielsen et al, 2011). Furthermore, PM derived from poor combustion conditions having elevated organic content has been shown to have a greater cytotoxic potential than PM derived from more complete combustion conditions (Jalava et al, 2010;Bolling et al, 2012). When effects of total PM with organic extracts of the PM and washed particles were compared, the response induced by the organic fraction was not linked to the content of PAHs, suggesting that other organic components (e.g., quinone-like compounds) were involved .…”

Section: Toxicology Of Wood Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon

Grahame

Klemm

Schlesinger

2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

238

157

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In 2012, the WHO classified diesel emissions as carcinogenic, and its European branch suggested creating a public health standard for airborne black carbon (BC). In 2011, EU researchers found that life expectancy could be extended four to nine times by reducing a unit of BC, vs reducing a unit of PM 2.5. Only recently could such determinations be made. Steady improvements in research methodologies now enable such judgments.In this Critical Review, we survey epidemiological and toxicological literature regarding carbonaceous combustion emissions, as research methodologies improved over time. Initially, we focus on studies of BC, diesel, and traffic emissions in the Western countries (where daily urban BC emissions are mainly from diesels). We examine effects of other carbonaceous emissions, e.g., residential burning of biomass and coal without controls, mainly in developing countries.Throughout the 1990s, air pollution epidemiology studies rarely included species not routinely monitored. As additional PM 2.5. chemical species, including carbonaceous species, became more widely available after 1999, they were gradually included in epidemiological studies. Pollutant species concentrations which more accurately reflected subject exposure also improved models.Natural "interventions" -reductions in emissions concurrent with fuel changes or increased combustion efficiency; introduction of ventilation in highway tunnels; implementation of electronic toll payment systems -demonstrated health benefits of reducing specific carbon emissions. Toxicology studies provided plausible biological mechanisms by which different PM species, e.g., carbonaceous species, may cause harm, aiding interpretation of epidemiological studies.Our review finds that BC from various sources appears to be causally involved in all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiovascular mortality, morbidity, and perhaps adverse birth and nervous system effects. We recommend that the U.S. EPA rubric for judging possible causality of PM 2.5. mass concentrations, be used to assess which PM 2.5. species are most harmful to public health. Implications: Black carbon (BC) and correlated co-emissions appear causally related with all-cause, cardiovascular, and lung cancer mortality, and perhaps with adverse birth outcomes and central nervous system effects. Such findings are recent, since widespread monitoring for BC is also recent. Helpful epidemiological advances (using many health relevant PM 2.5 species in models; using better measurements of subject exposure) have also occurred. "Natural intervention" studies also demonstrate harm from partly combusted carbonaceous emissions. Toxicology studies consistently find biological mechanisms explaining how such emissions can cause these adverse outcomes. A consistent mechanism for judging causality for different PM 2.5 species is suggested.A list of acronyms will be found at the end of the article. Aims of Critical ReviewThis critical review (CR) consists of three main sections. First, we review recent major regulatory and scien...

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“…A more recent controlled human exposure study from Denmark reported that 3-hour exposure to woodsmoke with up to 354 μg/m 3 of PM from a well-burning modern wood stove had no effect on markers of oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell adhesion, cytokines or microvascular function in atopic subjects, supporting the suggestion that burning conditions are dominant factors that determine the hazard of the combustion-derived particles. Another Scandinavian study (Bølling et al, 2012) reported that the hazard of woodsmoke particles seems, to a large extent, to depend on the type of stove and combustion conditions (oxygen supply and water content). These outcomes suggest that a simple risk assessment for woodsmoke is not possible and the toxicity of the emitted PM can vary significantly.…”

Section: Epidemiological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

Broome¹,

Johnston

Horsley

et al. 2016

Medical Journal of Australia

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This document presents answers to 24 questions relevant to reviewing European policies on air pollution and to addressing health aspects of these policies. The answers were developed by a large group of scientists engaged in the WHO project "Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution -REVIHAAP". The experts reviewed and discussed the newly accumulated scientific evidence on the adverse effects on health of air pollution, formulating science-based answers to the 24 questions. Extensive rationales for the answers, including the list of key references, are provided. The review concludes that a considerable amount of new scientific information on the adverse effects on health of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, observed at levels commonly present in Europe, has been published in recent years. This new evidence supports the scientific conclusions of the WHO air quality guidelines, last updated in 2005, and indicates that the effects in some cases occur at air pollution concentrations lower than those serving to establish these guidelines. It also provides scientific arguments for taking decisive actions to improve air quality and reduce the burden of disease associated with air pollution in Europe.This publication arises from the project REVIHAAP and has been co-funded by the European Union. Keywords AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION -ADVERSE EFFECTS ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE GUIDELINES HEALTH POLICYAddress requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2013All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate borderlines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. ...

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Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines

Cited by 80 publications

References 74 publications

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China

Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

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